What strategies do states use to manage cross-border labor migration?

States manage cross-border labour migration through policies such as visa regulations, border controls, and bilateral agreements.

States have a variety of strategies at their disposal to manage cross-border labour migration. One of the most common methods is through the implementation of visa regulations. These regulations determine who can enter a country, for what purpose, and for how long. For instance, many countries have specific types of visas for different categories of workers, such as skilled workers, seasonal workers, or intra-company transferees. The requirements for these visas can be used to control the number and type of workers entering the country. For example, a state might require that a worker have a job offer in the country before they can obtain a visa, or they might set a cap on the number of visas issued each year.

Another strategy is the use of border controls. This can include physical barriers, such as walls or fences, as well as technological measures, such as surveillance systems or biometric checks. Border controls can also involve personnel, such as border patrol agents or customs officers, who are tasked with enforcing immigration laws. These measures can be used to prevent unauthorised migration and to control the flow of labour across borders.

Bilateral agreements between states are another important tool for managing labour migration. These agreements can set out the terms and conditions for the movement of workers between the two countries, including the rights and protections afforded to migrant workers. For example, a bilateral agreement might specify the sectors in which migrant workers can be employed, the minimum wage they must be paid, or the social security benefits they are entitled to. These agreements can also include provisions for the recruitment, placement, and return of migrant workers.

In addition to these strategies, states may also use other measures to manage labour migration, such as labour market tests, integration programmes, or policies aimed at encouraging return migration. Labour market tests can be used to ensure that migrant workers are only employed in sectors where there is a shortage of domestic workers. Integration programmes can help migrant workers to adapt to their new country and to contribute to its economy and society. Policies encouraging return migration can help to ensure that the skills and knowledge acquired by migrant workers are not lost, but are instead transferred back to their home country.