How does prior knowledge influence cognitive processing of new real-world information?

Prior knowledge significantly shapes the way we perceive, interpret, and remember new real-world information.

Our cognitive processing of new information is heavily influenced by what we already know. This is because our brains are not blank slates, but rather complex networks of interconnected ideas and concepts, known as schemas. These schemas are built from our past experiences and knowledge, and they provide a framework for understanding new information. When we encounter new information, our brain attempts to fit it into our existing schemas. This process is known as assimilation.

For example, if you already have a schema for dogs, when you encounter a new breed of dog, you will likely assimilate this new information into your existing dog schema. You might note how this new breed is similar to or different from dogs you already know about, and this comparison process helps you to understand and remember the new information.

However, sometimes new information doesn't fit neatly into our existing schemas. In these cases, we have to adjust our schemas to accommodate the new information, a process known as accommodation. For instance, if you learn about a dog breed that has characteristics very different from any you've encountered before, you might have to modify your dog schema to include this new information.

Prior knowledge can also influence our attention and perception. We are more likely to notice and pay attention to information that is relevant to our existing knowledge and interests. For example, if you're a dog enthusiast, you're likely to notice and remember information about dogs more than someone who isn't interested in dogs.

Moreover, our prior knowledge can also influence how we interpret ambiguous information. When faced with information that could be interpreted in multiple ways, we tend to choose the interpretation that best fits with our existing knowledge and beliefs.

In conclusion, our prior knowledge plays a crucial role in our cognitive processing of new information. It shapes our perception, interpretation, and memory, and it guides our learning process. Understanding this can help us to be more aware of our own learning processes and to develop strategies for learning new information more effectively.