In arid regions, traditional farming often employs innovative, low-tech methods to maximise water efficiency. One common practice is rainwater harvesting, where rainwater is collected and stored for future use, mitigating the impacts of irregular rainfall. Techniques such as drip irrigation are used, where water is delivered directly to the base of each plant, minimising evaporation losses and ensuring efficient water use. Terracing on hilly terrains is another method; it slows down water runoff, allowing maximum absorption into the soil, thereby reducing water wastage and ensuring that plants receive adequate moisture.

Animals are integral in traditional farming, contributing to both crop cultivation and soil fertility. In mixed farming systems, animals are allowed to graze on fields post-harvest, consuming crop residues and weeds. Their manure is a rich source of organic matter and essential nutrients that enhance soil fertility. Animals also contribute labour; oxen, horses, and mules have historically been used for ploughing and transportation. Additionally, animals such as chickens and ducks help in pest control by feeding on insects and weeds, contributing to a balanced, integrated, and sustainable farming ecosystem.

Traditional farming promotes biodiversity through various practices. Polyculture involves growing multiple crop species in the same area, each providing different resources and habitats for a variety of organisms. Crop rotation also contributes, as changing crops each season creates a dynamic environment that supports diverse species. Natural pest control methods avoid chemical pesticides, protecting non-target species and nearby ecosystems. The use of heirloom and locally adapted seeds enhances genetic diversity. Hedgerows, fallow fields, and other semi-natural habitats are often maintained, providing refuge for wildlife, further enhancing biodiversity.

Traditional farming maintains soil fertility through practices like crop rotation, where different crops are grown in succession on the same land. Each crop type has distinct nutrient requirements; alternating them ensures balanced nutrient extraction and replenishment. Additionally, organic matter such as compost and animal manure is often incorporated into the soil, adding essential nutrients and improving soil structure. Polyculture also plays a part; growing diverse crops together allows for the sharing and complementing of nutrients amongst plants. These natural, cyclical processes ensure sustained soil fertility without relying on chemical fertilisers.

Traditional farming employs several strategies to combat soil erosion and degradation. Contour farming involves ploughing along the contour lines of the land, reducing water runoff and soil erosion. Cover cropping is another method where specific plants are grown to cover the soil, preventing erosion, enhancing soil structure, and adding organic matter. Agroforestry integrates trees into agricultural landscapes, where their roots help anchor the soil. Terracing in hilly areas creates flat plots of land, reducing the speed of water runoff and allowing more water to infiltrate the soil, preventing both erosion and flooding while conserving soil moisture.