The 'Three Principles of the People' proposed by Sun Yixian (Sun Yat-sen) were nationalism, democracy, and the people's livelihood. These principles sought to end foreign domination, establish democratic governance, and create an equitable society, respectively. They profoundly influenced Chinese national identity by offering a vision of China as a sovereign, modern state with engaged citizens. By advocating for the removal of foreign influence and the empowerment of the Chinese people, Sun's ideology provided a compelling counter-narrative to the imperial past and presented a framework for national unity and renewal.

Warlordism had dire consequences for the common people in China. The constant skirmishes and battles between different warlords led to widespread destruction, loss of life, and displacement of civilians. Warlords often imposed heavy taxes to fund their militias, which further burdened the peasantry and led to economic hardship. The lack of a central authority resulted in a decline in public services and infrastructure, exacerbating poverty and leading to social unrest. This period of division and strife fostered a yearning for stability and unity, influencing the people's support for movements that promised to restore order and national integrity.

Education played a critical role in the rise of nationalism in China during this period by serving as a conduit for new ideas that underpinned the nationalist ethos. The New Culture Movement led to educational reforms that included the introduction of new curricula focused on modern science, political thought, and the rejection of feudalistic Confucian ideals. Schools and universities became breeding grounds for revolutionary ideas and nationalist sentiment. Students and intellectuals educated during this time were instrumental in leading and participating in movements such as the May Fourth Movement, which was central to the development of a robust national identity.

The May Fourth Movement exerted a significant influence on Chinese literature and arts by challenging traditional forms and advocating for the expression of modern realities and concerns. Writers and artists were inspired to reject classical Chinese forms in favour of vernacular language and new artistic expressions that resonated with the common people. This period saw the rise of literary works that critiqued social issues, addressed nationalistic themes, and promoted reform. The movement fostered an environment where art was seen as a means of enlightenment and social transformation, shaping the development of modern Chinese cultural identity.

Yuan Shikai's leadership significantly contributed to the fragmentation of China. Initially seen as a stabilising force after the fall of the Qing Dynasty, Yuan quickly alienated supporters by attempting to establish himself as Emperor, betraying the republican cause. This action discredited the central authority and led to the loss of support from key republican figures and provincial leaders. The ensuing power vacuum after his death in 1916 exacerbated regional divisions, leading to the warlord era. His failure to establish a stable government or a legitimate succession paved the way for local warlords to seize power, deepening China's fragmentation.