A researcher video-records a 2-month-old baby and her father. When the father waves, the baby waves back with a very similar movement a few seconds later.

Which feature of caregiver–infant interaction is being shown in this example? Shade one box only.
A Reciprocity
B Interactional synchrony
C Secure attachment
D Separation anxiety [1 mark]

Which one of the following best describes a secure attachment type in Ainsworth’s Strange Situation? Shade one box only.

A High stranger anxiety and high resistance to comfort
B High separation anxiety and readily accepts comfort on reunion
C Low separation anxiety and low stranger anxiety
D Low stranger anxiety but strong resistance to reunion behaviour [1 mark]

Which two of the following are behaviours used by Ainsworth to assess attachment type in the Strange Situation? Shade two boxes only.

A Proximity seeking
B Depth of sleep
C Exploration and secure-base behaviour
D IQ score
E Eating behaviour [2 marks]

Harlow’s research with infant rhesus monkeys showed that:

A attachment is always to the person who feeds the infant
B contact comfort is more important than food in forming attachments
C attachments cannot form with non-living objects
D monkeys raised with cloth mothers were better at solving puzzles than humans

Which is the correct conclusion from Harlow’s study? Shade one box only. [1 mark]

Which two of the following statements about Bowlby’s monotropic theory are TRUE? Shade two boxes only.

A Attachments can form at any point across the lifespan with no particular sensitive period.
B Babies form one special attachment that is different in quality from others.
C The internal working model acts as a template for future relationships.
D Attachment is learned entirely through classical conditioning.
E Babies are born without any innate social releasers. [2 marks]

Which one of the following best describes the critical period for attachment according to Bowlby? Shade one box only.

A The time during pregnancy when the foetus is developing.
B The first few hours after birth, when the baby is most alert.
C Approximately the first 2 years of life, when an attachment must form.
D Any time before the child starts school at age 5. [1 mark]

Ainsley completes a meta-analysis of studies using the Strange Situation in different countries. She finds that secure attachment is the most common type in every culture, but there are variations in the rates of insecure-avoidant and insecure-resistant attachment.

Which two of the following conclusions are consistent with these findings? Shade two boxes only.

A There is no cross-cultural variation in attachment.
B Secure attachment may be a universal norm.
C Attachment behaviour is entirely determined by genetics.
D Child-rearing practices differ between cultures.
E Insecure-resistant attachment never occurs outside the UK. [2 marks]

Which one of the following is an example of maternal deprivation according to Bowlby? Shade one box only.

A A child who has never formed an attachment to a caregiver.
B A child who occasionally stays overnight with a grandparent.
C A child who loses a previously formed attachment due to long-term separation from the mother.
D A child who is securely attached to both parents. [1 mark]

Which one of the following behaviours is most characteristic of an insecure-resistant attachment type? Shade one box only.

A Explores freely and shows little concern when the caregiver leaves.
B Is very distressed when the caregiver leaves and resists comfort on reunion.
C Shows little stranger anxiety but seeks comfort on reunion.
D Does not notice when the caregiver leaves the room. [1 mark]

Describe reciprocity in caregiver–infant interactions. [2 marks]