Discuss the influence of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) on Middle Eastern authoritarian states.

The Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) has significantly influenced Middle Eastern authoritarian states, particularly in shaping their foreign and domestic policies.

The PLO, established in 1964, has been a major player in the Middle Eastern political landscape. Its influence on authoritarian states in the region is multifaceted, primarily revolving around the Palestinian cause and the broader Arab-Israeli conflict. The PLO's activities have often been used by these states to justify their foreign policies, particularly those related to Israel and the West.

For instance, Syria, under the authoritarian rule of Hafez al-Assad and later his son Bashar al-Assad, has consistently supported the PLO. This support has been instrumental in shaping Syria's foreign policy, particularly its stance against Israel and its alliance with Iran. The PLO's struggle has been used by the Syrian regime to legitimise its rule, portraying itself as a defender of the Palestinian cause and Arab nationalism.

Similarly, the PLO has had a significant influence on Iraq, particularly during the rule of Saddam Hussein. Hussein often used the Palestinian cause to rally support, both domestically and internationally. He positioned Iraq as a champion of Arab nationalism and a staunch supporter of the PLO, using this stance to justify his aggressive foreign policies and authoritarian rule.

In Egypt, the PLO's influence was evident during the rule of Gamal Abdel Nasser. Nasser was a strong supporter of the PLO and used the Palestinian cause to promote Pan-Arabism, a political ideology advocating for the unity of Arab countries. This significantly shaped Egypt's foreign policy and its relations with other Middle Eastern states.

However, the PLO's influence is not limited to foreign policy. It has also impacted domestic politics in these authoritarian states. The Palestinian cause has often been used to divert attention from domestic issues and justify repressive measures. For example, in the name of national security and the fight against Zionism, these regimes have often suppressed political dissent, curtailed civil liberties, and maintained a strong grip on power.

In conclusion, the PLO has had a significant influence on Middle Eastern authoritarian states. Its activities and the Palestinian cause have been used by these regimes to shape their foreign policies and justify their authoritarian rule. However, this influence is complex and multifaceted, reflecting the intricate dynamics of Middle Eastern politics.