1. Renaissance and Exploration1.1 Contextualizing Renaissance and Discovery0/01.1.1 Classical Revival and New Ways of Thinking1.1.2 Renaissance Art and Its Purposes1.1.3 Overseas Expansion and Indigenous Encounters1.1.4 Commercial and Religious Motives for Exploration1.1.5 Economic Change in European Society1.1.6 Agriculture, Rural Life, and Political Change1.2 Italian Renaissance0/01.2.1 Humanism and the Revival of Classical Literature1.2.2 Classical Texts, Education, and Inquiry1.2.3 Civic Humanism in the Italian City-States1.2.4 Artistic Patronage and Prestige in Renaissance Italy1.3 Northern Renaissance0/01.3.1 Religious Humanism in Northern Europe1.3.2 Erasmus and Christian Humanism1.3.3 Naturalism and Everyday Life in Northern Art1.4 Printing0/01.4.1 The Printing Press and the Spread of Ideas1.4.2 Printing and the Spread of the Renaissance1.4.3 Vernacular Literature and National Cultures1.5 New Monarchies0/01.5.1 Top-Down Religious Reform1.5.2 Building the Centralized State1.5.3 The Rising Political Role of Commercial Groups1.5.4 Political Fragmentation and Secular Statecraft in Italy1.6 Technological Advances and the Age of Exploration0/01.6.1 Navigation, Cartography, and Overseas Expansion1.6.2 The Search for Gold, Spices, and Luxury Goods1.6.3 Mercantilism and State-Sponsored Expansion1.6.4 Christianity and Exploration1.7 Rivals on the World Stage0/01.7.1 Empire Building Through Coercion and Negotiation1.7.2 Spanish Overseas Dominance in the Sixteenth Century1.7.3 Atlantic Rivals Challenge Iberian Power1.7.4 Trade Competition and European Conflict1.8 Colonial Expansion and Columbian Exchange0/01.8.1 Portuguese Trade Networks and Early Expansion1.8.2 A Global Exchange and Expanding European Power1.8.3 Atlantic States and the Shift in Economic Power1.8.4 Economic Opportunities from the Columbian Exchange1.8.5 Cultural Exchange, Destruction, and Enslavement1.8.6 Disease and the Subjugation of Indigenous Peoples1.9 The Slave Trade0/01.9.1 Why the Slave Trade Expanded1.9.2 Demographic Collapse and Enslaved Labor1.10 The Commercial Revolution0/01.10.1 Banking, Finance, and the Money Economy1.10.2 Traditional Agriculture and Rural Obligations1.10.3 Agricultural Systems in Early Modern Europe1.10.4 The Price Revolution and Commercial Agriculture1.10.5 Population Growth and Rising Prices1.10.6 Social Effects of Commercial Change1.11 Causation in the Renaissance and Age of Discovery0/01.11.1 Causes of the Renaissance1.11.2 Consequences of Renaissance Art and Ideas1.11.3 Causes of Overseas Exploration1.11.4 Economic and Social Consequences1.11.5 Political Consequences1. Renaissance and Exploration1.1 Contextualizing Renaissance and Discovery0/01.1.1 Classical Revival and New Ways of Thinking1.1.2 Renaissance Art and Its Purposes1.1.3 Overseas Expansion and Indigenous Encounters1.1.4 Commercial and Religious Motives for Exploration1.1.5 Economic Change in European Society1.1.6 Agriculture, Rural Life, and Political Change1.2 Italian Renaissance0/01.2.1 Humanism and the Revival of Classical Literature1.2.2 Classical Texts, Education, and Inquiry1.2.3 Civic Humanism in the Italian City-States1.2.4 Artistic Patronage and Prestige in Renaissance Italy1.3 Northern Renaissance0/01.3.1 Religious Humanism in Northern Europe1.3.2 Erasmus and Christian Humanism1.3.3 Naturalism and Everyday Life in Northern Art1.4 Printing0/01.4.1 The Printing Press and the Spread of Ideas1.4.2 Printing and the Spread of the Renaissance1.4.3 Vernacular Literature and National Cultures1.5 New Monarchies0/01.5.1 Top-Down Religious Reform1.5.2 Building the Centralized State1.5.3 The Rising Political Role of Commercial Groups1.5.4 Political Fragmentation and Secular Statecraft in Italy1.6 Technological Advances and the Age of Exploration0/01.6.1 Navigation, Cartography, and Overseas Expansion1.6.2 The Search for Gold, Spices, and Luxury Goods1.6.3 Mercantilism and State-Sponsored Expansion1.6.4 Christianity and Exploration1.7 Rivals on the World Stage0/01.7.1 Empire Building Through Coercion and Negotiation1.7.2 Spanish Overseas Dominance in the Sixteenth Century1.7.3 Atlantic Rivals Challenge Iberian Power1.7.4 Trade Competition and European Conflict1.8 Colonial Expansion and Columbian Exchange0/01.8.1 Portuguese Trade Networks and Early Expansion1.8.2 A Global Exchange and Expanding European Power1.8.3 Atlantic States and the Shift in Economic Power1.8.4 Economic Opportunities from the Columbian Exchange1.8.5 Cultural Exchange, Destruction, and Enslavement1.8.6 Disease and the Subjugation of Indigenous Peoples1.9 The Slave Trade0/01.9.1 Why the Slave Trade Expanded1.9.2 Demographic Collapse and Enslaved Labor1.10 The Commercial Revolution0/01.10.1 Banking, Finance, and the Money Economy1.10.2 Traditional Agriculture and Rural Obligations1.10.3 Agricultural Systems in Early Modern Europe1.10.4 The Price Revolution and Commercial Agriculture1.10.5 Population Growth and Rising Prices1.10.6 Social Effects of Commercial Change1.11 Causation in the Renaissance and Age of Discovery0/01.11.1 Causes of the Renaissance1.11.2 Consequences of Renaissance Art and Ideas1.11.3 Causes of Overseas Exploration1.11.4 Economic and Social Consequences1.11.5 Political Consequences2. Age of Reformation2.1 Contextualizing 16thand 17th-Century Challenges and Developments0/02.1.1 Religious Pluralism and the End of a Unified Europe2.1.2 Protestant and Catholic Reformations2.1.3 Religion, State Power, and Resistance2.1.4 Conflict, Competition, and Sovereignty2.1.5 Society, Cities, and Commercial Change2.1.6 Family, Popular Culture, and Communal Life2.2 Luther and the Protestant Reformation0/02.2.1 Luther’s Critique of Catholic Abuses2.2.2 Core Protestant Doctrines2.2.3 Calvin and Predestination2.2.4 Radical Responses to Reformation2.2.5 Wealth, Work, and God’s Favor2.3 Protestant Reform Continues0/02.3.1 Printing and the Spread of Reform2.3.2 Calvin, Anabaptists, and Church-State Relations2.3.3 Religious Conflict and Political Resistance2.3.4 Huguenots, Puritans, and Nobles in Poland2.4 Wars of Religion0/02.4.1 The French Wars of Religion2.4.2 Habsburg Struggles Against Ottomans and Protestants2.4.3 States Using Religion for Political Gain2.4.4 Religious Pluralism as a Political Settlement2.4.5 The Peace of Westphalia and Political Change2.5 The Catholic Reformation0/02.5.1 Catholic Reform and Renewal2.5.2 The Jesuits and Catholic Revival2.5.3 The Council of Trent2.5.4 Reform, Discipline, and Division2.6 16th-Century Society and Politics0/02.6.1 Social Hierarchies in Town and Country2.6.2 Household Economy and Gender Roles2.6.3 Debates Over Women’s Roles and Education2.6.4 Regulating Morality and Public Behavior2.6.5 Leisure, Ritual, and Communal Norms2.6.6 Witchcraft Accusations and Social Upheaval2.7 Art of the 16th Century: Mannerism and Baroque Art0/02.7.1 Mannerism: Distortion and Tension2.7.2 Baroque Art: Drama and Illusion2.7.3 Art in the Service of Power2.7.4 Artists and Public Patronage2.8 Causation in the Age of Reformation and the Wars of Religion0/02.8.1 Religious Pluralism and Social Change2.8.2 Reformations and Their Cultural Effects2.8.3 State Authority and Religious Reform2.8.4 War, Competition, and Sovereignty2.8.5 Society, Family, and Popular Culture2. Age of Reformation2.1 Contextualizing 16thand 17th-Century Challenges and Developments0/02.1.1 Religious Pluralism and the End of a Unified Europe2.1.2 Protestant and Catholic Reformations2.1.3 Religion, State Power, and Resistance2.1.4 Conflict, Competition, and Sovereignty2.1.5 Society, Cities, and Commercial Change2.1.6 Family, Popular Culture, and Communal Life2.2 Luther and the Protestant Reformation0/02.2.1 Luther’s Critique of Catholic Abuses2.2.2 Core Protestant Doctrines2.2.3 Calvin and Predestination2.2.4 Radical Responses to Reformation2.2.5 Wealth, Work, and God’s Favor2.3 Protestant Reform Continues0/02.3.1 Printing and the Spread of Reform2.3.2 Calvin, Anabaptists, and Church-State Relations2.3.3 Religious Conflict and Political Resistance2.3.4 Huguenots, Puritans, and Nobles in Poland2.4 Wars of Religion0/02.4.1 The French Wars of Religion2.4.2 Habsburg Struggles Against Ottomans and Protestants2.4.3 States Using Religion for Political Gain2.4.4 Religious Pluralism as a Political Settlement2.4.5 The Peace of Westphalia and Political Change2.5 The Catholic Reformation0/02.5.1 Catholic Reform and Renewal2.5.2 The Jesuits and Catholic Revival2.5.3 The Council of Trent2.5.4 Reform, Discipline, and Division2.6 16th-Century Society and Politics0/02.6.1 Social Hierarchies in Town and Country2.6.2 Household Economy and Gender Roles2.6.3 Debates Over Women’s Roles and Education2.6.4 Regulating Morality and Public Behavior2.6.5 Leisure, Ritual, and Communal Norms2.6.6 Witchcraft Accusations and Social Upheaval2.7 Art of the 16th Century: Mannerism and Baroque Art0/02.7.1 Mannerism: Distortion and Tension2.7.2 Baroque Art: Drama and Illusion2.7.3 Art in the Service of Power2.7.4 Artists and Public Patronage2.8 Causation in the Age of Reformation and the Wars of Religion0/02.8.1 Religious Pluralism and Social Change2.8.2 Reformations and Their Cultural Effects2.8.3 State Authority and Religious Reform2.8.4 War, Competition, and Sovereignty2.8.5 Society, Family, and Popular Culture3. Absolutism and ConstitutionalismPremium3.1 Contextualizing State Building0/03.1.1 Sovereign States and Secular Law3.1.2 Monarchs, Nobles, and Centralization3.1.3 Regional Identities and Resistance3.1.4 Absolutism and Alternative Political Systems3.2 The English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution0/03.2.1 Causes of the English Civil War3.2.2 Key Figures in the English Civil War3.2.3 The Glorious Revolution and Parliamentary Rights3.2.4 The English Bill of Rights and Parliamentary Sovereignty3.3 Continuities and Changes to Economic Practice and Development0/03.3.1 The Agricultural Revolution and Productivity3.3.2 American Crops and Europe’s Food Supply3.3.3 Freer Labor, Trade, and Market Activity3.3.4 The Putting-Out System and Cottage Industry3.3.5 New Financial Practices in a Market Economy3.4 Economic Development and Mercantilism0/03.4.1 Mercantilism and Colonial Resources3.4.2 The Transatlantic Slave-Labor System3.4.3 Overseas Goods and Consumer Culture3.4.4 American Crops and Population Growth3.4.5 Colonies, Raw Materials, and European Markets3.5 The Dutch Golden Age0/03.5.1 The Dutch Revolt Against Habsburg Rule3.5.2 Political Structure of the Dutch Republic3.5.3 Trade, Rights, and Dutch Prosperity3.6 Balance of Power0/03.6.1 Westphalia and the Balance of Power3.6.2 Diplomacy, Warfare, and the Competitive State System3.6.3 Dynastic Interests, Empires, and War3.6.4 Louis XIV and Coalitions Against France3.6.5 Poland, the Ottomans, and Shifting Power3.6.6 The Military Revolution and State Power3.7 Absolutist Approaches to Power0/03.7.1 Absolutism and the Aristocracy3.7.2 Louis XIV and Centralized Rule in France3.7.3 Tools of Absolutist Government3.7.4 Peter the Great and Russian Westernization3.7.5 Catherine the Great and Continued Reform3.8 Comparison in the Age of Absolutism and Constitutionalism0/03.8.1 Comparing Absolutism and Constitutionalism3.8.2 Sovereignty and Political Centralization3.8.3 Monarchs, Nobles, and Regional Resistance3.8.4 Political Systems and State-Individual Relations3.8.5 Commerce, Markets, and Global Power3. Absolutism and ConstitutionalismPremium3.1 Contextualizing State Building0/03.1.1 Sovereign States and Secular Law3.1.2 Monarchs, Nobles, and Centralization3.1.3 Regional Identities and Resistance3.1.4 Absolutism and Alternative Political Systems3.2 The English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution0/03.2.1 Causes of the English Civil War3.2.2 Key Figures in the English Civil War3.2.3 The Glorious Revolution and Parliamentary Rights3.2.4 The English Bill of Rights and Parliamentary Sovereignty3.3 Continuities and Changes to Economic Practice and Development0/03.3.1 The Agricultural Revolution and Productivity3.3.2 American Crops and Europe’s Food Supply3.3.3 Freer Labor, Trade, and Market Activity3.3.4 The Putting-Out System and Cottage Industry3.3.5 New Financial Practices in a Market Economy3.4 Economic Development and Mercantilism0/03.4.1 Mercantilism and Colonial Resources3.4.2 The Transatlantic Slave-Labor System3.4.3 Overseas Goods and Consumer Culture3.4.4 American Crops and Population Growth3.4.5 Colonies, Raw Materials, and European Markets3.5 The Dutch Golden Age0/03.5.1 The Dutch Revolt Against Habsburg Rule3.5.2 Political Structure of the Dutch Republic3.5.3 Trade, Rights, and Dutch Prosperity3.6 Balance of Power0/03.6.1 Westphalia and the Balance of Power3.6.2 Diplomacy, Warfare, and the Competitive State System3.6.3 Dynastic Interests, Empires, and War3.6.4 Louis XIV and Coalitions Against France3.6.5 Poland, the Ottomans, and Shifting Power3.6.6 The Military Revolution and State Power3.7 Absolutist Approaches to Power0/03.7.1 Absolutism and the Aristocracy3.7.2 Louis XIV and Centralized Rule in France3.7.3 Tools of Absolutist Government3.7.4 Peter the Great and Russian Westernization3.7.5 Catherine the Great and Continued Reform3.8 Comparison in the Age of Absolutism and Constitutionalism0/03.8.1 Comparing Absolutism and Constitutionalism3.8.2 Sovereignty and Political Centralization3.8.3 Monarchs, Nobles, and Regional Resistance3.8.4 Political Systems and State-Individual Relations3.8.5 Commerce, Markets, and Global Power4. Scientific, Philosophical, and Political DevelopmentsPremium4.1 Contextualizing the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment0/04.1.1 Classical Learning and New Ways of Knowing4.1.2 Observation, Experimentation, and Mathematics4.1.3 Continuity and Change in European Thought4.1.4 The Rise of Reason in European Culture4.1.5 Enlightenment Challenges to Society and Faith4.2 The Scientific Revolution0/04.2.1 Heliocentrism and the New Astronomy4.2.2 New Views of the Human Body4.2.3 Bacon, Descartes, and the Scientific Method4.2.4 Old Beliefs in a Changing Intellectual World4.3 The Enlightenment0/04.3.1 Applying Reason to Society and Government4.3.2 Natural Rights and the Social Contract4.3.3 Women and the Limits of Enlightenment Equality4.3.4 Salons and the Spread of New Ideas4.3.5 New Economic Thinking4.3.6 Religion, Skepticism, and Private Belief4.4 18th-Century Society and Demographics0/04.4.1 From Famine to Population Growth4.4.2 The Agricultural Revolution4.4.3 Disease, Inoculation, and Lower Mortality4.4.4 Marriage Patterns and Family Size4.4.5 Children, Family Life, and Private Comfort4.4.6 Urbanization and Social Problems4.5 18th-Century Culture and Arts0/04.5.1 Print Culture and Public Opinion4.5.2 New Views Beyond Europe4.5.3 Baroque Art, Religion, and Monarchy4.5.4 Bourgeois Culture and Neoclassicism4.5.5 The Consumer Revolution and Private Life4.6 Enlightened and Other Approaches to Power0/04.6.1 Enlightened Absolutism in Eastern and Central Europe4.6.2 Religious Toleration and Civil Equality4.6.3 The Peace of Westphalia and Political Change4.6.4 Power, Reform, and the European State4.7 Causation in the Age of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment0/04.7.1 Rediscovery, Observation, and Changing Worldviews4.7.2 Science Challenges Traditional Knowledge4.7.3 Reason and the Critique of Established Order4.7.4 Public Opinion and the Spread of Ideas4.7.5 Political, Religious, and Social Consequences4. Scientific, Philosophical, and Political DevelopmentsPremium4.1 Contextualizing the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment0/04.1.1 Classical Learning and New Ways of Knowing4.1.2 Observation, Experimentation, and Mathematics4.1.3 Continuity and Change in European Thought4.1.4 The Rise of Reason in European Culture4.1.5 Enlightenment Challenges to Society and Faith4.2 The Scientific Revolution0/04.2.1 Heliocentrism and the New Astronomy4.2.2 New Views of the Human Body4.2.3 Bacon, Descartes, and the Scientific Method4.2.4 Old Beliefs in a Changing Intellectual World4.3 The Enlightenment0/04.3.1 Applying Reason to Society and Government4.3.2 Natural Rights and the Social Contract4.3.3 Women and the Limits of Enlightenment Equality4.3.4 Salons and the Spread of New Ideas4.3.5 New Economic Thinking4.3.6 Religion, Skepticism, and Private Belief4.4 18th-Century Society and Demographics0/04.4.1 From Famine to Population Growth4.4.2 The Agricultural Revolution4.4.3 Disease, Inoculation, and Lower Mortality4.4.4 Marriage Patterns and Family Size4.4.5 Children, Family Life, and Private Comfort4.4.6 Urbanization and Social Problems4.5 18th-Century Culture and Arts0/04.5.1 Print Culture and Public Opinion4.5.2 New Views Beyond Europe4.5.3 Baroque Art, Religion, and Monarchy4.5.4 Bourgeois Culture and Neoclassicism4.5.5 The Consumer Revolution and Private Life4.6 Enlightened and Other Approaches to Power0/04.6.1 Enlightened Absolutism in Eastern and Central Europe4.6.2 Religious Toleration and Civil Equality4.6.3 The Peace of Westphalia and Political Change4.6.4 Power, Reform, and the European State4.7 Causation in the Age of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment0/04.7.1 Rediscovery, Observation, and Changing Worldviews4.7.2 Science Challenges Traditional Knowledge4.7.3 Reason and the Critique of Established Order4.7.4 Public Opinion and the Spread of Ideas4.7.5 Political, Religious, and Social Consequences5. Conflict, Crisis, and Reaction in the Late 18th CenturyPremium5.1 Contextualizing 18th-Century States0/05.1.1 Political Sovereignty After 16485.1.2 Commerce, Conflict, and the State5.1.3 Enlightenment Ideas and Political Change5.1.4 Emotion, Nationalism, and Mass Politics5.1.5 Revolution and Napoleonic Upheaval5.2 The Rise of Global Markets0/05.2.1 European Commerce and a Global Economy5.2.2 Atlantic Rivalry Among Sea Powers5.2.3 European Competition in Asia5.2.4 British India and the Dutch East Indies5.3 Britain’s Ascendency0/05.3.1 The Anglo-French Global Rivalry5.3.2 The Seven Years’ War and British Power5.3.3 The American Revolution and Imperial Consequences5.3.4 Britain Supplants France5.4 The French Revolution0/05.4.1 Long-Term Causes of Revolution5.4.2 Enlightenment Ideas and Immediate Crisis5.4.3 The Liberal Phase and Reform5.4.4 The Jacobins and the Reign of Terror5.4.5 War, Mass Conscription, and Women’s Participation5.5 The French Revolution’s Effects0/05.5.1 Revolutionary Ideals Beyond France5.5.2 The Haitian Revolution5.5.3 Supporters of Equality and Rights5.5.4 Critics of Revolutionary Violence5.6 Napoleon’s Rise, Dominance, and Defeat0/05.6.1 Napoleon as First Consul and Emperor5.6.2 Domestic Reform Under Napoleon5.6.3 Limits on Liberty Under Napoleon5.6.4 Military Power and Revolutionary Ideals5.6.5 Nationalist Resistance and Defeat5.7 The Congress of Vienna0/05.7.1 Defeating Napoleon5.7.2 Restoring the Balance of Power5.7.3 Containing Revolution and Nationalism5.8 Romanticism0/05.8.1 Rousseau and the Critique of Reason5.8.2 Romanticism Against Enlightenment Rationality5.8.3 Religious Revival in Europe5.8.4 Mass Politics, Nationalism, and Emotion5.9 Continuity and Change in 18th-Century States0/05.9.1 Changing Models of Sovereignty5.9.2 Revolution Challenges the Old Order5.9.3 Napoleon and Nationalist Reaction5.9.4 Commerce, Rivalry, and State Power5.9.5 Reason, Emotion, and Political Culture5. Conflict, Crisis, and Reaction in the Late 18th CenturyPremium5.1 Contextualizing 18th-Century States0/05.1.1 Political Sovereignty After 16485.1.2 Commerce, Conflict, and the State5.1.3 Enlightenment Ideas and Political Change5.1.4 Emotion, Nationalism, and Mass Politics5.1.5 Revolution and Napoleonic Upheaval5.2 The Rise of Global Markets0/05.2.1 European Commerce and a Global Economy5.2.2 Atlantic Rivalry Among Sea Powers5.2.3 European Competition in Asia5.2.4 British India and the Dutch East Indies5.3 Britain’s Ascendency0/05.3.1 The Anglo-French Global Rivalry5.3.2 The Seven Years’ War and British Power5.3.3 The American Revolution and Imperial Consequences5.3.4 Britain Supplants France5.4 The French Revolution0/05.4.1 Long-Term Causes of Revolution5.4.2 Enlightenment Ideas and Immediate Crisis5.4.3 The Liberal Phase and Reform5.4.4 The Jacobins and the Reign of Terror5.4.5 War, Mass Conscription, and Women’s Participation5.5 The French Revolution’s Effects0/05.5.1 Revolutionary Ideals Beyond France5.5.2 The Haitian Revolution5.5.3 Supporters of Equality and Rights5.5.4 Critics of Revolutionary Violence5.6 Napoleon’s Rise, Dominance, and Defeat0/05.6.1 Napoleon as First Consul and Emperor5.6.2 Domestic Reform Under Napoleon5.6.3 Limits on Liberty Under Napoleon5.6.4 Military Power and Revolutionary Ideals5.6.5 Nationalist Resistance and Defeat5.7 The Congress of Vienna0/05.7.1 Defeating Napoleon5.7.2 Restoring the Balance of Power5.7.3 Containing Revolution and Nationalism5.8 Romanticism0/05.8.1 Rousseau and the Critique of Reason5.8.2 Romanticism Against Enlightenment Rationality5.8.3 Religious Revival in Europe5.8.4 Mass Politics, Nationalism, and Emotion5.9 Continuity and Change in 18th-Century States0/05.9.1 Changing Models of Sovereignty5.9.2 Revolution Challenges the Old Order5.9.3 Napoleon and Nationalist Reaction5.9.4 Commerce, Rivalry, and State Power5.9.5 Reason, Emotion, and Political Culture6. Industrialization and Its EffectsPremium6.1 Contextualizing Industrialization and Its Origins and Effects0/06.1.1 Britain’s Industrial Head Start6.1.2 Industrialization Spreads to the Continent6.1.3 New Social Classes in Industrial Europe6.1.4 Population Growth, Urbanization, and Social Dislocation6.1.5 Family Life and Social Responses to Industrial Change6.2 The Spread of Industry Throughout Europe0/06.2.1 Natural Resources and Britain’s Early Advantage6.2.2 Private Initiative, Capital, and Skilled Innovators6.2.3 Parliament, Commerce, and Industrial Growth6.2.4 France’s Gradual Industrialization6.2.5 Why Eastern and Southern Europe Lagged6.3 Second Wave Industrialization and Its Effects0/06.3.1 Factories and Mechanized Production by 19146.3.2 Transport, Communication, and Integrated Economies6.3.3 New Industries and Everyday Consumer Change6.3.4 The Second Industrial Revolution after 18706.3.5 Business Cycles, Tariffs, and Market Management6.3.6 Agriculture, Population Growth, and Mass Consumerism6.4 Social Effects of Industrialization0/06.4.1 Class Formation in Industrial Europe6.4.2 Agricultural Elites in Less Industrialized Regions6.4.3 Associations, Mutual Aid, and Trade Unions6.4.4 Migration, Overcrowded Cities, and Rural Decline6.4.5 Domesticity, Marriage, and Changing Family Roles6.4.6 Improved Working-Class Living Standards and Leisure6. Industrialization and Its EffectsPremium6.1 Contextualizing Industrialization and Its Origins and Effects0/06.1.1 Britain’s Industrial Head Start6.1.2 Industrialization Spreads to the Continent6.1.3 New Social Classes in Industrial Europe6.1.4 Population Growth, Urbanization, and Social Dislocation6.1.5 Family Life and Social Responses to Industrial Change6.2 The Spread of Industry Throughout Europe0/06.2.1 Natural Resources and Britain’s Early Advantage6.2.2 Private Initiative, Capital, and Skilled Innovators6.2.3 Parliament, Commerce, and Industrial Growth6.2.4 France’s Gradual Industrialization6.2.5 Why Eastern and Southern Europe Lagged6.3 Second Wave Industrialization and Its Effects0/06.3.1 Factories and Mechanized Production by 19146.3.2 Transport, Communication, and Integrated Economies6.3.3 New Industries and Everyday Consumer Change6.3.4 The Second Industrial Revolution after 18706.3.5 Business Cycles, Tariffs, and Market Management6.3.6 Agriculture, Population Growth, and Mass Consumerism6.4 Social Effects of Industrialization0/06.4.1 Class Formation in Industrial Europe6.4.2 Agricultural Elites in Less Industrialized Regions6.4.3 Associations, Mutual Aid, and Trade Unions6.4.4 Migration, Overcrowded Cities, and Rural Decline6.4.5 Domesticity, Marriage, and Changing Family Roles6.4.6 Improved Working-Class Living Standards and Leisure7. 19th-Century Perspectives and Political DevelopmentsPremiumAP European History - 7.1.1 Nationalism and Imperialism After 18150/07.1.2 The Concert of Europe and International Stability7.1.3 The Breakdown of the Concert of Europe7.1.4 Unification and the New Balance of Power7.1.5 Industrial Power and Expanding Empires7.1.6 Realism, Materialism, and New European Ideas7.2 Nationalism0/07.2.1 Romantic Nationalism and Loyalty to the Nation7.2.2 Racial Nationalism and Anti-Semitism7.2.3 Zionism as Jewish Nationalism7.2.4 Conservative Leaders and Popular Nationalism7.2.5 Austria-Hungary and National Unity7.3 National Unification and Diplomatic Tensions0/07.3.1 The Crimean War and the End of the Old Order7.3.2 Cavour, Garibaldi, and the Unification of Italy7.3.3 Bismarck and the Unification of Germany7.3.4 Bismarck’s Alliance System After 18717.3.5 The Alliance System After Bismarck7.3.6 The Balkans and the Road to War7.4 Darwinism, Social Darwinism0/07.4.1 Darwin’s Theory of Biological Change7.4.2 From Evolutionary Theory to Social Darwinism7.5 The Age of Progress and Modernity0/07.5.1 Positivism and Scientific Knowledge7.5.2 Relativism and the Crisis of Certainty7.5.3 Philosophy and the Turn to Irrationalism7.5.4 Freud and the Unconscious Mind7.5.5 Modern Physics and the Limits of Newtonian Science7.6 New Imperialism: Motivations and Methods0/07.6.1 Why New Imperialism Expanded7.6.2 National Rivalries and Strategic Competition7.6.3 Raw Materials, Markets, and Colonization7.6.4 Civilizing Missions and Racial Superiority7.6.5 Weapons, Transport, and Communication7.6.6 Medicine and Survival Overseas7.7 Imperialism’s Global Effects0/07.7.1 Imperialism and European Diplomacy7.7.2 Culture, Art, and Debate About Empire7.7.3 Resistance and Nationalist Responses Abroad7.7.4 Modernization Under Imperial Pressure7.8 19th-Century Culture and Arts0/07.8.1 Romanticism Against Neoclassicism and Rationalism7.8.2 Romantic Art and Music7.8.3 Romantic Literature and Revolution7.8.4 Realism and Everyday Life7.8.5 Modern Art and Subjective Expression7.8.6 Public Reactions to Modernism7.9 Causation in 19th-Century Perspectives and Political Developments0/07.9.1 Nationalism and International Stability7.9.2 The Breakdown of the Concert of Europe7.9.3 Unification and the New Diplomatic Order7.9.4 Imperial Expansion and Great Power Tensions7.9.5 Industrial Technology and Global Empire7.9.6 Ideas, Realism, and a Changing Europe7. 19th-Century Perspectives and Political DevelopmentsPremiumAP European History - 7.1.1 Nationalism and Imperialism After 18150/07.1.2 The Concert of Europe and International Stability7.1.3 The Breakdown of the Concert of Europe7.1.4 Unification and the New Balance of Power7.1.5 Industrial Power and Expanding Empires7.1.6 Realism, Materialism, and New European Ideas7.2 Nationalism0/07.2.1 Romantic Nationalism and Loyalty to the Nation7.2.2 Racial Nationalism and Anti-Semitism7.2.3 Zionism as Jewish Nationalism7.2.4 Conservative Leaders and Popular Nationalism7.2.5 Austria-Hungary and National Unity7.3 National Unification and Diplomatic Tensions0/07.3.1 The Crimean War and the End of the Old Order7.3.2 Cavour, Garibaldi, and the Unification of Italy7.3.3 Bismarck and the Unification of Germany7.3.4 Bismarck’s Alliance System After 18717.3.5 The Alliance System After Bismarck7.3.6 The Balkans and the Road to War7.4 Darwinism, Social Darwinism0/07.4.1 Darwin’s Theory of Biological Change7.4.2 From Evolutionary Theory to Social Darwinism7.5 The Age of Progress and Modernity0/07.5.1 Positivism and Scientific Knowledge7.5.2 Relativism and the Crisis of Certainty7.5.3 Philosophy and the Turn to Irrationalism7.5.4 Freud and the Unconscious Mind7.5.5 Modern Physics and the Limits of Newtonian Science7.6 New Imperialism: Motivations and Methods0/07.6.1 Why New Imperialism Expanded7.6.2 National Rivalries and Strategic Competition7.6.3 Raw Materials, Markets, and Colonization7.6.4 Civilizing Missions and Racial Superiority7.6.5 Weapons, Transport, and Communication7.6.6 Medicine and Survival Overseas7.7 Imperialism’s Global Effects0/07.7.1 Imperialism and European Diplomacy7.7.2 Culture, Art, and Debate About Empire7.7.3 Resistance and Nationalist Responses Abroad7.7.4 Modernization Under Imperial Pressure7.8 19th-Century Culture and Arts0/07.8.1 Romanticism Against Neoclassicism and Rationalism7.8.2 Romantic Art and Music7.8.3 Romantic Literature and Revolution7.8.4 Realism and Everyday Life7.8.5 Modern Art and Subjective Expression7.8.6 Public Reactions to Modernism7.9 Causation in 19th-Century Perspectives and Political Developments0/07.9.1 Nationalism and International Stability7.9.2 The Breakdown of the Concert of Europe7.9.3 Unification and the New Diplomatic Order7.9.4 Imperial Expansion and Great Power Tensions7.9.5 Industrial Technology and Global Empire7.9.6 Ideas, Realism, and a Changing Europe8. 20th-Century Global ConflictsPremium8.1 Contextualizing 20th-Century Global Conflicts0/08.1.1 From Total War to a New World Order8.1.2 World War I: Causes, Losses, and Disruption8.1.3 The Paris Peace Settlement and Its Discontents8.1.4 Interwar Ideologies and the Road to World War II8.1.5 Economic Collapse and Ideological Conflict8.1.6 Culture, Science, and Everyday Life in Crisis8.2 World War I0/08.2.1 Long-Term Causes of the First World War8.2.2 Technology, Trench Warfare, and Mass Death8.2.3 Total War, Stalemate, and Political Upheaval8.2.4 A Global War Beyond Europe8.2.5 The War's Global Consequences8.3 The Russian Revolution and Its Effects0/08.3.1 Why Russia Was Ripe for Revolution8.3.2 From the Provisional Government to Bolshevik Rule8.3.3 Civil War and the Communist State8.3.4 Lenin's New Economic Policy8.3.5 A Marxist-Leninist Regime Takes Shape8.4 Versailles Conference and Peace Settlement0/08.4.1 Idealism Versus Punishment at Paris8.4.2 Successor States and Postwar Instability8.4.3 The Weaknesses of the League of Nations8.4.4 War Guilt, Reparations, and Weimar Germany8.4.5 Mandates and the New Imperial Balance8.5 Global Economic Crisis0/08.5.1 Structural Weaknesses in the World Economy8.5.2 The American Crash and Europe's Collapse8.5.3 The Great Depression and Democratic Crisis8.5.4 Attempts at Recovery and Political Alliances8.5.5 Extremism in the Age of Depression8.6 Fascism and Totalitarianism0/08.6.1 Why Fascism Gained Support After World War I8.6.2 Propaganda, Leadership, and Fascist Appeal8.6.3 Mussolini and Hitler's Rise to Power8.6.4 Spain and Authoritarian Rule8.6.5 Authoritarianism in Central and Eastern Europe8.6.6 Stalin's Modernization and Repression8.7 Europe During the Interwar Period0/08.7.1 Fear, Isolation, and Distrust in the Interwar World8.7.2 Appeasement and Fascist Expansion8.7.3 Fascism, Racism, and Extreme Nationalism8.7.4 From Interwar Crisis to World War II8.8 World War II0/08.8.1 Blitzkrieg and Early Axis Victories8.8.2 Why the Allies Won the War8.8.3 Leadership and Coordination in Allied Victory8.8.4 The Technological Legacy of Total War8.9 The Holocaust0/08.9.1 Racism, Anti-Semitism, and the Nazi Racial State8.9.2 Collaboration and the Expansion of Persecution8.9.3 From Exclusion to Genocide8.9.4 The Human Consequences of the Holocaust8.10 20th-Century Cultural, Intellectual, and Artistic Developments0/08.10.1 The Crisis of Progress Before and During World War I8.10.2 New Science and the Challenge to Certainty8.10.3 Science, Power, and the Nuclear Age8.10.4 The Lost Generation and Cultural Disillusionment8.10.5 Women, War, and Social Change8.11 Continuity and Changes in an Age of Global Conflict0/08.11.1 Total War, Instability, and the Modern State8.11.2 Economic Crisis and the Individual-State Relationship8.11.3 Ideological Struggles Across the Twentieth Century8.11.4 Culture, Knowledge, and the Challenge of Modernity8.11.5 War, Technology, and Everyday Life8. 20th-Century Global ConflictsPremium8.1 Contextualizing 20th-Century Global Conflicts0/08.1.1 From Total War to a New World Order8.1.2 World War I: Causes, Losses, and Disruption8.1.3 The Paris Peace Settlement and Its Discontents8.1.4 Interwar Ideologies and the Road to World War II8.1.5 Economic Collapse and Ideological Conflict8.1.6 Culture, Science, and Everyday Life in Crisis8.2 World War I0/08.2.1 Long-Term Causes of the First World War8.2.2 Technology, Trench Warfare, and Mass Death8.2.3 Total War, Stalemate, and Political Upheaval8.2.4 A Global War Beyond Europe8.2.5 The War's Global Consequences8.3 The Russian Revolution and Its Effects0/08.3.1 Why Russia Was Ripe for Revolution8.3.2 From the Provisional Government to Bolshevik Rule8.3.3 Civil War and the Communist State8.3.4 Lenin's New Economic Policy8.3.5 A Marxist-Leninist Regime Takes Shape8.4 Versailles Conference and Peace Settlement0/08.4.1 Idealism Versus Punishment at Paris8.4.2 Successor States and Postwar Instability8.4.3 The Weaknesses of the League of Nations8.4.4 War Guilt, Reparations, and Weimar Germany8.4.5 Mandates and the New Imperial Balance8.5 Global Economic Crisis0/08.5.1 Structural Weaknesses in the World Economy8.5.2 The American Crash and Europe's Collapse8.5.3 The Great Depression and Democratic Crisis8.5.4 Attempts at Recovery and Political Alliances8.5.5 Extremism in the Age of Depression8.6 Fascism and Totalitarianism0/08.6.1 Why Fascism Gained Support After World War I8.6.2 Propaganda, Leadership, and Fascist Appeal8.6.3 Mussolini and Hitler's Rise to Power8.6.4 Spain and Authoritarian Rule8.6.5 Authoritarianism in Central and Eastern Europe8.6.6 Stalin's Modernization and Repression8.7 Europe During the Interwar Period0/08.7.1 Fear, Isolation, and Distrust in the Interwar World8.7.2 Appeasement and Fascist Expansion8.7.3 Fascism, Racism, and Extreme Nationalism8.7.4 From Interwar Crisis to World War II8.8 World War II0/08.8.1 Blitzkrieg and Early Axis Victories8.8.2 Why the Allies Won the War8.8.3 Leadership and Coordination in Allied Victory8.8.4 The Technological Legacy of Total War8.9 The Holocaust0/08.9.1 Racism, Anti-Semitism, and the Nazi Racial State8.9.2 Collaboration and the Expansion of Persecution8.9.3 From Exclusion to Genocide8.9.4 The Human Consequences of the Holocaust8.10 20th-Century Cultural, Intellectual, and Artistic Developments0/08.10.1 The Crisis of Progress Before and During World War I8.10.2 New Science and the Challenge to Certainty8.10.3 Science, Power, and the Nuclear Age8.10.4 The Lost Generation and Cultural Disillusionment8.10.5 Women, War, and Social Change8.11 Continuity and Changes in an Age of Global Conflict0/08.11.1 Total War, Instability, and the Modern State8.11.2 Economic Crisis and the Individual-State Relationship8.11.3 Ideological Struggles Across the Twentieth Century8.11.4 Culture, Knowledge, and the Challenge of Modernity8.11.5 War, Technology, and Everyday Life9. Cold War and Contemporary EuropePremium9.1 Contextualizing Cold War and Contemporary Europe0/09.1.1 From Total War to a Polarized Europe9.1.2 The Division of Europe After World War II9.1.3 Ideological Conflict in Modern Europe9.1.4 Anxiety, Ideas, and New Intellectual Frameworks9.1.5 Changing Daily Life and New Voices9.2 Rebuilding Europe0/09.2.1 The Marshall Plan and Postwar Recovery9.2.2 The Economic Miracle in Western and Central Europe9.2.3 Consumerism in Postwar Europe9.3 The Cold War0/09.3.1 The Origins of the Iron Curtain9.3.2 The Cold War as a Global Struggle9.3.3 Propaganda, Covert Action, and Nuclear Tension9.3.4 Hot Wars Beyond Europe9.4 Two Super Powers Emerge0/09.4.1 American Influence in Western Europe9.4.2 NATO and the Western Economic Order9.4.3 Soviet Control in Eastern Europe9.4.4 COMECON, the Warsaw Pact, and Central Planning9.4.5 Repression, Limited Reform, and Revolt9.4.6 New Nationalisms and the End of Soviet Control9.5 Postwar Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict, and Atrocities0/09.5.1 Nationalist and Separatist Movements After 19459.5.2 Ethnic Conflict and Ethnic Cleansing9.5.3 War and Genocide in the Balkans9.6 Contemporary Western Democracies0/09.6.1 Postwar Growth and the Welfare State9.6.2 Cradle-to-Grave Social Welfare Programs9.6.3 Stagnation and Criticism of the Welfare State9.7 The Fall of Communism0/09.7.1 Economic Stagnation in the Soviet Bloc9.7.2 Perestroika and Glasnost9.7.3 The Collapse of Soviet Control in Eastern Europe9.7.4 1991 and the End of the Cold War9.7.5 Reunification, Separation, and Enlargement9.8 20th-Century Feminism0/09.8.1 Women, Family, Work, and Economic Change9.8.2 Votes, Education, and Professional Careers9.8.3 Different Paths to Women’s Rights9.8.4 Marriage, Motherhood, and Reproductive Choice9.8.5 Women in High Political Office9.9 Decolonization0/09.9.1 Decolonization Across the 20th Century9.9.2 Self-Determination After World War I9.9.3 Indigenous Nationalist Movements9.9.4 Why Independence Was Delayed9.10 The European Union0/09.10.1 From Rivalry to Integration9.10.2 From Coal and Steel to the European Union9.10.3 Integration, Recovery, and a Shared Identity9.10.4 National Sovereignty and EU Membership9.11 Migration and Immigration0/09.11.1 Postwar Labor Migration to Europe9.11.2 Religious Change and Social Debate9.11.3 The 1970s Downturn and Anti-Immigrant Backlash9.11.4 Immigration and Extreme Nationalist Politics9.12 Technology0/09.12.1 Medical Innovation and Longer Life9.12.2 Science, Ethics, and Social Debate9.12.3 Reproduction and New Medical Choices9.13 Globalization0/09.13.1 American Technology and Popular Culture9.13.2 Communication, Transportation, and Global Connections9.13.3 Changing Daily Life in a Connected Europe9.13.4 Green Politics and Critiques of Globalization9.14 20th- and 21st-Century Culture, Arts, and Demographic Trends0/09.14.1 Existentialism, Postmodernism, and Crisis9.14.2 Religion in a Changing Europe9.14.3 Christian Responses and Catholic Reform9.14.4 Experimentation in the Arts9.14.5 Writers, Consumer Culture, and the Baby Boom9.14.6 New Social Movements and the Revolts of 19689.15 Continuity and Change in the 20th and 21st Centuries0/09.15.1 From Total War to Cold War Europe9.15.2 Ideology, the State, and Political Conflict9.15.3 Nationalism, Conflict, and Cleansing9.15.4 Anxiety, Ideas, and Cultural Change9.15.5 Everyday Life, Demography, and New Voices9. Cold War and Contemporary EuropePremium9.1 Contextualizing Cold War and Contemporary Europe0/09.1.1 From Total War to a Polarized Europe9.1.2 The Division of Europe After World War II9.1.3 Ideological Conflict in Modern Europe9.1.4 Anxiety, Ideas, and New Intellectual Frameworks9.1.5 Changing Daily Life and New Voices9.2 Rebuilding Europe0/09.2.1 The Marshall Plan and Postwar Recovery9.2.2 The Economic Miracle in Western and Central Europe9.2.3 Consumerism in Postwar Europe9.3 The Cold War0/09.3.1 The Origins of the Iron Curtain9.3.2 The Cold War as a Global Struggle9.3.3 Propaganda, Covert Action, and Nuclear Tension9.3.4 Hot Wars Beyond Europe9.4 Two Super Powers Emerge0/09.4.1 American Influence in Western Europe9.4.2 NATO and the Western Economic Order9.4.3 Soviet Control in Eastern Europe9.4.4 COMECON, the Warsaw Pact, and Central Planning9.4.5 Repression, Limited Reform, and Revolt9.4.6 New Nationalisms and the End of Soviet Control9.5 Postwar Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict, and Atrocities0/09.5.1 Nationalist and Separatist Movements After 19459.5.2 Ethnic Conflict and Ethnic Cleansing9.5.3 War and Genocide in the Balkans9.6 Contemporary Western Democracies0/09.6.1 Postwar Growth and the Welfare State9.6.2 Cradle-to-Grave Social Welfare Programs9.6.3 Stagnation and Criticism of the Welfare State9.7 The Fall of Communism0/09.7.1 Economic Stagnation in the Soviet Bloc9.7.2 Perestroika and Glasnost9.7.3 The Collapse of Soviet Control in Eastern Europe9.7.4 1991 and the End of the Cold War9.7.5 Reunification, Separation, and Enlargement9.8 20th-Century Feminism0/09.8.1 Women, Family, Work, and Economic Change9.8.2 Votes, Education, and Professional Careers9.8.3 Different Paths to Women’s Rights9.8.4 Marriage, Motherhood, and Reproductive Choice9.8.5 Women in High Political Office9.9 Decolonization0/09.9.1 Decolonization Across the 20th Century9.9.2 Self-Determination After World War I9.9.3 Indigenous Nationalist Movements9.9.4 Why Independence Was Delayed9.10 The European Union0/09.10.1 From Rivalry to Integration9.10.2 From Coal and Steel to the European Union9.10.3 Integration, Recovery, and a Shared Identity9.10.4 National Sovereignty and EU Membership9.11 Migration and Immigration0/09.11.1 Postwar Labor Migration to Europe9.11.2 Religious Change and Social Debate9.11.3 The 1970s Downturn and Anti-Immigrant Backlash9.11.4 Immigration and Extreme Nationalist Politics9.12 Technology0/09.12.1 Medical Innovation and Longer Life9.12.2 Science, Ethics, and Social Debate9.12.3 Reproduction and New Medical Choices9.13 Globalization0/09.13.1 American Technology and Popular Culture9.13.2 Communication, Transportation, and Global Connections9.13.3 Changing Daily Life in a Connected Europe9.13.4 Green Politics and Critiques of Globalization9.14 20th- and 21st-Century Culture, Arts, and Demographic Trends0/09.14.1 Existentialism, Postmodernism, and Crisis9.14.2 Religion in a Changing Europe9.14.3 Christian Responses and Catholic Reform9.14.4 Experimentation in the Arts9.14.5 Writers, Consumer Culture, and the Baby Boom9.14.6 New Social Movements and the Revolts of 19689.15 Continuity and Change in the 20th and 21st Centuries0/09.15.1 From Total War to Cold War Europe9.15.2 Ideology, the State, and Political Conflict9.15.3 Nationalism, Conflict, and Cleansing9.15.4 Anxiety, Ideas, and Cultural Change9.15.5 Everyday Life, Demography, and New Voices
