TutorChase logo
Login

AP European History

Study Notes
1.1.1 Classical Revival and New Ways of Thinking
1.1.2 Renaissance Art and Its Purposes
1.1.3 Overseas Expansion and Indigenous Encounters
1.1.4 Commercial and Religious Motives for Exploration
1.1.5 Economic Change in European Society
1.1.6 Agriculture, Rural Life, and Political Change
1.2.1 Humanism and the Revival of Classical Literature
1.2.2 Classical Texts, Education, and Inquiry
1.2.3 Civic Humanism in the Italian City-States
1.2.4 Artistic Patronage and Prestige in Renaissance Italy
1.3.1 Religious Humanism in Northern Europe
1.3.2 Erasmus and Christian Humanism
1.3.3 Naturalism and Everyday Life in Northern Art
1.4.1 The Printing Press and the Spread of Ideas
1.4.2 Printing and the Spread of the Renaissance
1.4.3 Vernacular Literature and National Cultures
1.5.1 Top-Down Religious Reform
1.5.2 Building the Centralized State
1.5.3 The Rising Political Role of Commercial Groups
1.5.4 Political Fragmentation and Secular Statecraft in Italy
1.6.1 Navigation, Cartography, and Overseas Expansion
1.6.2 The Search for Gold, Spices, and Luxury Goods
1.6.3 Mercantilism and State-Sponsored Expansion
1.6.4 Christianity and Exploration
1.7.1 Empire Building Through Coercion and Negotiation
1.7.2 Spanish Overseas Dominance in the Sixteenth Century
1.7.3 Atlantic Rivals Challenge Iberian Power
1.7.4 Trade Competition and European Conflict
1.8.1 Portuguese Trade Networks and Early Expansion
1.8.2 A Global Exchange and Expanding European Power
1.8.3 Atlantic States and the Shift in Economic Power
1.8.4 Economic Opportunities from the Columbian Exchange
1.8.5 Cultural Exchange, Destruction, and Enslavement
1.8.6 Disease and the Subjugation of Indigenous Peoples
1.9.1 Why the Slave Trade Expanded
1.9.2 Demographic Collapse and Enslaved Labor
1.10.1 Banking, Finance, and the Money Economy
1.10.2 Traditional Agriculture and Rural Obligations
1.10.3 Agricultural Systems in Early Modern Europe
1.10.4 The Price Revolution and Commercial Agriculture
1.10.5 Population Growth and Rising Prices
1.10.6 Social Effects of Commercial Change
1.11.1 Causes of the Renaissance
1.11.2 Consequences of Renaissance Art and Ideas
1.11.3 Causes of Overseas Exploration
1.11.4 Economic and Social Consequences
1.11.5 Political Consequences
2.1.1 Religious Pluralism and the End of a Unified Europe
2.1.2 Protestant and Catholic Reformations
2.1.3 Religion, State Power, and Resistance
2.1.4 Conflict, Competition, and Sovereignty
2.1.5 Society, Cities, and Commercial Change
2.1.6 Family, Popular Culture, and Communal Life
2.2.1 Luther’s Critique of Catholic Abuses
2.2.2 Core Protestant Doctrines
2.2.3 Calvin and Predestination
2.2.4 Radical Responses to Reformation
2.2.5 Wealth, Work, and God’s Favor
2.3.1 Printing and the Spread of Reform
2.3.2 Calvin, Anabaptists, and Church-State Relations
2.3.3 Religious Conflict and Political Resistance
2.3.4 Huguenots, Puritans, and Nobles in Poland
2.4.1 The French Wars of Religion
2.4.2 Habsburg Struggles Against Ottomans and Protestants
2.4.3 States Using Religion for Political Gain
2.4.4 Religious Pluralism as a Political Settlement
2.4.5 The Peace of Westphalia and Political Change
2.5.1 Catholic Reform and Renewal
2.5.2 The Jesuits and Catholic Revival
2.5.3 The Council of Trent
2.5.4 Reform, Discipline, and Division
2.6.1 Social Hierarchies in Town and Country
2.6.2 Household Economy and Gender Roles
2.6.3 Debates Over Women’s Roles and Education
2.6.4 Regulating Morality and Public Behavior
2.6.5 Leisure, Ritual, and Communal Norms
2.6.6 Witchcraft Accusations and Social Upheaval
2.7.1 Mannerism: Distortion and Tension
2.7.2 Baroque Art: Drama and Illusion
2.7.3 Art in the Service of Power
2.7.4 Artists and Public Patronage
2.8.1 Religious Pluralism and Social Change
2.8.2 Reformations and Their Cultural Effects
2.8.3 State Authority and Religious Reform
2.8.4 War, Competition, and Sovereignty
2.8.5 Society, Family, and Popular Culture
3.1.1 Sovereign States and Secular Law
3.1.2 Monarchs, Nobles, and Centralization
3.1.3 Regional Identities and Resistance
3.1.4 Absolutism and Alternative Political Systems
3.2.1 Causes of the English Civil War
3.2.2 Key Figures in the English Civil War
3.2.3 The Glorious Revolution and Parliamentary Rights
3.2.4 The English Bill of Rights and Parliamentary Sovereignty
3.3.1 The Agricultural Revolution and Productivity
3.3.2 American Crops and Europe’s Food Supply
3.3.3 Freer Labor, Trade, and Market Activity
3.3.4 The Putting-Out System and Cottage Industry
3.3.5 New Financial Practices in a Market Economy
3.4.1 Mercantilism and Colonial Resources
3.4.2 The Transatlantic Slave-Labor System
3.4.3 Overseas Goods and Consumer Culture
3.4.4 American Crops and Population Growth
3.4.5 Colonies, Raw Materials, and European Markets
3.5.1 The Dutch Revolt Against Habsburg Rule
3.5.2 Political Structure of the Dutch Republic
3.5.3 Trade, Rights, and Dutch Prosperity
3.6.1 Westphalia and the Balance of Power
3.6.2 Diplomacy, Warfare, and the Competitive State System
3.6.3 Dynastic Interests, Empires, and War
3.6.4 Louis XIV and Coalitions Against France
3.6.5 Poland, the Ottomans, and Shifting Power
3.6.6 The Military Revolution and State Power
3.7.1 Absolutism and the Aristocracy
3.7.2 Louis XIV and Centralized Rule in France
3.7.3 Tools of Absolutist Government
3.7.4 Peter the Great and Russian Westernization
3.7.5 Catherine the Great and Continued Reform
3.8.1 Comparing Absolutism and Constitutionalism
3.8.2 Sovereignty and Political Centralization
3.8.3 Monarchs, Nobles, and Regional Resistance
3.8.4 Political Systems and State-Individual Relations
3.8.5 Commerce, Markets, and Global Power
4.1.1 Classical Learning and New Ways of Knowing
4.1.2 Observation, Experimentation, and Mathematics
4.1.3 Continuity and Change in European Thought
4.1.4 The Rise of Reason in European Culture
4.1.5 Enlightenment Challenges to Society and Faith
4.2.1 Heliocentrism and the New Astronomy
4.2.2 New Views of the Human Body
4.2.3 Bacon, Descartes, and the Scientific Method
4.2.4 Old Beliefs in a Changing Intellectual World
4.3.1 Applying Reason to Society and Government
4.3.2 Natural Rights and the Social Contract
4.3.3 Women and the Limits of Enlightenment Equality
4.3.4 Salons and the Spread of New Ideas
4.3.5 New Economic Thinking
4.3.6 Religion, Skepticism, and Private Belief
4.4.1 From Famine to Population Growth
4.4.2 The Agricultural Revolution
4.4.3 Disease, Inoculation, and Lower Mortality
4.4.4 Marriage Patterns and Family Size
4.4.5 Children, Family Life, and Private Comfort
4.4.6 Urbanization and Social Problems
4.5.1 Print Culture and Public Opinion
4.5.2 New Views Beyond Europe
4.5.3 Baroque Art, Religion, and Monarchy
4.5.4 Bourgeois Culture and Neoclassicism
4.5.5 The Consumer Revolution and Private Life
4.6.1 Enlightened Absolutism in Eastern and Central Europe
4.6.2 Religious Toleration and Civil Equality
4.6.3 The Peace of Westphalia and Political Change
4.6.4 Power, Reform, and the European State
4.7.1 Rediscovery, Observation, and Changing Worldviews
4.7.2 Science Challenges Traditional Knowledge
4.7.3 Reason and the Critique of Established Order
4.7.4 Public Opinion and the Spread of Ideas
4.7.5 Political, Religious, and Social Consequences
5.1.1 Political Sovereignty After 1648
5.1.2 Commerce, Conflict, and the State
5.1.3 Enlightenment Ideas and Political Change
5.1.4 Emotion, Nationalism, and Mass Politics
5.1.5 Revolution and Napoleonic Upheaval
5.2.1 European Commerce and a Global Economy
5.2.2 Atlantic Rivalry Among Sea Powers
5.2.3 European Competition in Asia
5.2.4 British India and the Dutch East Indies
5.3.1 The Anglo-French Global Rivalry
5.3.2 The Seven Years’ War and British Power
5.3.3 The American Revolution and Imperial Consequences
5.3.4 Britain Supplants France
5.4.1 Long-Term Causes of Revolution
5.4.2 Enlightenment Ideas and Immediate Crisis
5.4.3 The Liberal Phase and Reform
5.4.4 The Jacobins and the Reign of Terror
5.4.5 War, Mass Conscription, and Women’s Participation
5.5.1 Revolutionary Ideals Beyond France
5.5.2 The Haitian Revolution
5.5.3 Supporters of Equality and Rights
5.5.4 Critics of Revolutionary Violence
5.6.1 Napoleon as First Consul and Emperor
5.6.2 Domestic Reform Under Napoleon
5.6.3 Limits on Liberty Under Napoleon
5.6.4 Military Power and Revolutionary Ideals
5.6.5 Nationalist Resistance and Defeat
5.7.1 Defeating Napoleon
5.7.2 Restoring the Balance of Power
5.7.3 Containing Revolution and Nationalism
5.8.1 Rousseau and the Critique of Reason
5.8.2 Romanticism Against Enlightenment Rationality
5.8.3 Religious Revival in Europe
5.8.4 Mass Politics, Nationalism, and Emotion
5.9.1 Changing Models of Sovereignty
5.9.2 Revolution Challenges the Old Order
5.9.3 Napoleon and Nationalist Reaction
5.9.4 Commerce, Rivalry, and State Power
5.9.5 Reason, Emotion, and Political Culture
6.1.1 Britain’s Industrial Head Start
6.1.2 Industrialization Spreads to the Continent
6.1.3 New Social Classes in Industrial Europe
6.1.4 Population Growth, Urbanization, and Social Dislocation
6.1.5 Family Life and Social Responses to Industrial Change
6.2.1 Natural Resources and Britain’s Early Advantage
6.2.2 Private Initiative, Capital, and Skilled Innovators
6.2.3 Parliament, Commerce, and Industrial Growth
6.2.4 France’s Gradual Industrialization
6.2.5 Why Eastern and Southern Europe Lagged
6.3.1 Factories and Mechanized Production by 1914
6.3.2 Transport, Communication, and Integrated Economies
6.3.3 New Industries and Everyday Consumer Change
6.3.4 The Second Industrial Revolution after 1870
6.3.5 Business Cycles, Tariffs, and Market Management
6.3.6 Agriculture, Population Growth, and Mass Consumerism
6.4.1 Class Formation in Industrial Europe
6.4.2 Agricultural Elites in Less Industrialized Regions
6.4.3 Associations, Mutual Aid, and Trade Unions
6.4.4 Migration, Overcrowded Cities, and Rural Decline
6.4.5 Domesticity, Marriage, and Changing Family Roles
6.4.6 Improved Working-Class Living Standards and Leisure
6.1 Contextualizing Industrialization and Its Origins and Effects6.2 The Spread of Industry Throughout Europe6.3 Second Wave Industrialization and Its Effects6.4 Social Effects of Industrialization6.5 The Concert of Europe and European Conservatism6.6 Reactions and Revolutions6.7 Ideologies of Change and Reform Movements6.8 19th-Century Social Reform6.9 Institutional Responses and Reform6.10 Causation in the Age of Industrialization
7.1.2 The Concert of Europe and International Stability
7.1.3 The Breakdown of the Concert of Europe
7.1.4 Unification and the New Balance of Power
7.1.5 Industrial Power and Expanding Empires
7.1.6 Realism, Materialism, and New European Ideas
7.2.1 Romantic Nationalism and Loyalty to the Nation
7.2.2 Racial Nationalism and Anti-Semitism
7.2.3 Zionism as Jewish Nationalism
7.2.4 Conservative Leaders and Popular Nationalism
7.2.5 Austria-Hungary and National Unity
7.3.1 The Crimean War and the End of the Old Order
7.3.2 Cavour, Garibaldi, and the Unification of Italy
7.3.3 Bismarck and the Unification of Germany
7.3.4 Bismarck’s Alliance System After 1871
7.3.5 The Alliance System After Bismarck
7.3.6 The Balkans and the Road to War
7.4.1 Darwin’s Theory of Biological Change
7.4.2 From Evolutionary Theory to Social Darwinism
7.5.1 Positivism and Scientific Knowledge
7.5.2 Relativism and the Crisis of Certainty
7.5.3 Philosophy and the Turn to Irrationalism
7.5.4 Freud and the Unconscious Mind
7.5.5 Modern Physics and the Limits of Newtonian Science
7.6.1 Why New Imperialism Expanded
7.6.2 National Rivalries and Strategic Competition
7.6.3 Raw Materials, Markets, and Colonization
7.6.4 Civilizing Missions and Racial Superiority
7.6.5 Weapons, Transport, and Communication
7.6.6 Medicine and Survival Overseas
7.7.1 Imperialism and European Diplomacy
7.7.2 Culture, Art, and Debate About Empire
7.7.3 Resistance and Nationalist Responses Abroad
7.7.4 Modernization Under Imperial Pressure
7.8.1 Romanticism Against Neoclassicism and Rationalism
7.8.2 Romantic Art and Music
7.8.3 Romantic Literature and Revolution
7.8.4 Realism and Everyday Life
7.8.5 Modern Art and Subjective Expression
7.8.6 Public Reactions to Modernism
7.9.1 Nationalism and International Stability
7.9.2 The Breakdown of the Concert of Europe
7.9.3 Unification and the New Diplomatic Order
7.9.4 Imperial Expansion and Great Power Tensions
7.9.5 Industrial Technology and Global Empire
7.9.6 Ideas, Realism, and a Changing Europe
8.1.1 From Total War to a New World Order
8.1.2 World War I: Causes, Losses, and Disruption
8.1.3 The Paris Peace Settlement and Its Discontents
8.1.4 Interwar Ideologies and the Road to World War II
8.1.5 Economic Collapse and Ideological Conflict
8.1.6 Culture, Science, and Everyday Life in Crisis
8.2.1 Long-Term Causes of the First World War
8.2.2 Technology, Trench Warfare, and Mass Death
8.2.3 Total War, Stalemate, and Political Upheaval
8.2.4 A Global War Beyond Europe
8.2.5 The War's Global Consequences
8.3.1 Why Russia Was Ripe for Revolution
8.3.2 From the Provisional Government to Bolshevik Rule
8.3.3 Civil War and the Communist State
8.3.4 Lenin's New Economic Policy
8.3.5 A Marxist-Leninist Regime Takes Shape
8.4.1 Idealism Versus Punishment at Paris
8.4.2 Successor States and Postwar Instability
8.4.3 The Weaknesses of the League of Nations
8.4.4 War Guilt, Reparations, and Weimar Germany
8.4.5 Mandates and the New Imperial Balance
8.5.1 Structural Weaknesses in the World Economy
8.5.2 The American Crash and Europe's Collapse
8.5.3 The Great Depression and Democratic Crisis
8.5.4 Attempts at Recovery and Political Alliances
8.5.5 Extremism in the Age of Depression
8.6.1 Why Fascism Gained Support After World War I
8.6.2 Propaganda, Leadership, and Fascist Appeal
8.6.3 Mussolini and Hitler's Rise to Power
8.6.4 Spain and Authoritarian Rule
8.6.5 Authoritarianism in Central and Eastern Europe
8.6.6 Stalin's Modernization and Repression
8.7.1 Fear, Isolation, and Distrust in the Interwar World
8.7.2 Appeasement and Fascist Expansion
8.7.3 Fascism, Racism, and Extreme Nationalism
8.7.4 From Interwar Crisis to World War II
8.8.1 Blitzkrieg and Early Axis Victories
8.8.2 Why the Allies Won the War
8.8.3 Leadership and Coordination in Allied Victory
8.8.4 The Technological Legacy of Total War
8.9.1 Racism, Anti-Semitism, and the Nazi Racial State
8.9.2 Collaboration and the Expansion of Persecution
8.9.3 From Exclusion to Genocide
8.9.4 The Human Consequences of the Holocaust
8.10.1 The Crisis of Progress Before and During World War I
8.10.2 New Science and the Challenge to Certainty
8.10.3 Science, Power, and the Nuclear Age
8.10.4 The Lost Generation and Cultural Disillusionment
8.10.5 Women, War, and Social Change
8.11.1 Total War, Instability, and the Modern State
8.11.2 Economic Crisis and the Individual-State Relationship
8.11.3 Ideological Struggles Across the Twentieth Century
8.11.4 Culture, Knowledge, and the Challenge of Modernity
8.11.5 War, Technology, and Everyday Life
9.1.1 From Total War to a Polarized Europe
9.1.2 The Division of Europe After World War II
9.1.3 Ideological Conflict in Modern Europe
9.1.4 Anxiety, Ideas, and New Intellectual Frameworks
9.1.5 Changing Daily Life and New Voices
9.2.1 The Marshall Plan and Postwar Recovery
9.2.2 The Economic Miracle in Western and Central Europe
9.2.3 Consumerism in Postwar Europe
9.3.1 The Origins of the Iron Curtain
9.3.2 The Cold War as a Global Struggle
9.3.3 Propaganda, Covert Action, and Nuclear Tension
9.3.4 Hot Wars Beyond Europe
9.4.1 American Influence in Western Europe
9.4.2 NATO and the Western Economic Order
9.4.3 Soviet Control in Eastern Europe
9.4.4 COMECON, the Warsaw Pact, and Central Planning
9.4.5 Repression, Limited Reform, and Revolt
9.4.6 New Nationalisms and the End of Soviet Control
9.5.1 Nationalist and Separatist Movements After 1945
9.5.2 Ethnic Conflict and Ethnic Cleansing
9.5.3 War and Genocide in the Balkans
9.6.1 Postwar Growth and the Welfare State
9.6.2 Cradle-to-Grave Social Welfare Programs
9.6.3 Stagnation and Criticism of the Welfare State
9.7.1 Economic Stagnation in the Soviet Bloc
9.7.2 Perestroika and Glasnost
9.7.3 The Collapse of Soviet Control in Eastern Europe
9.7.4 1991 and the End of the Cold War
9.7.5 Reunification, Separation, and Enlargement
9.8.1 Women, Family, Work, and Economic Change
9.8.2 Votes, Education, and Professional Careers
9.8.3 Different Paths to Women’s Rights
9.8.4 Marriage, Motherhood, and Reproductive Choice
9.8.5 Women in High Political Office
9.9.1 Decolonization Across the 20th Century
9.9.2 Self-Determination After World War I
9.9.3 Indigenous Nationalist Movements
9.9.4 Why Independence Was Delayed
9.10.1 From Rivalry to Integration
9.10.2 From Coal and Steel to the European Union
9.10.3 Integration, Recovery, and a Shared Identity
9.10.4 National Sovereignty and EU Membership
9.11.1 Postwar Labor Migration to Europe
9.11.2 Religious Change and Social Debate
9.11.3 The 1970s Downturn and Anti-Immigrant Backlash
9.11.4 Immigration and Extreme Nationalist Politics
9.12.1 Medical Innovation and Longer Life
9.12.2 Science, Ethics, and Social Debate
9.12.3 Reproduction and New Medical Choices
9.13.1 American Technology and Popular Culture
9.13.2 Communication, Transportation, and Global Connections
9.13.3 Changing Daily Life in a Connected Europe
9.13.4 Green Politics and Critiques of Globalization
9.14.1 Existentialism, Postmodernism, and Crisis
9.14.2 Religion in a Changing Europe
9.14.3 Christian Responses and Catholic Reform
9.14.4 Experimentation in the Arts
9.14.5 Writers, Consumer Culture, and the Baby Boom
9.14.6 New Social Movements and the Revolts of 1968
9.15.1 From Total War to Cold War Europe
9.15.2 Ideology, the State, and Political Conflict
9.15.3 Nationalism, Conflict, and Cleansing
9.15.4 Anxiety, Ideas, and Cultural Change
9.15.5 Everyday Life, Demography, and New Voices

Hire a tutor

Please fill out the form and we'll find a tutor for you.

1/2
Your details
Alternatively contact us via
WhatsApp, Phone Call, or Email
Send WhatsApp Message
+44 (0)1865 306636
support@tutorchase.com