Mussolini's focus on autarky, aiming for national economic self-sufficiency, had a profound impact on Italy's position in the global economy. By reducing reliance on foreign trade and focusing on domestic production, Italy became more isolated from the global economic system. This isolation meant that Italy was less affected by global economic fluctuations in the short term. However, in the long term, this approach limited Italy’s ability to benefit from global trade dynamics, technological advancements, and economic cooperation. Consequently, while autarky served nationalist objectives, it ultimately hindered Italy’s potential for economic growth and integration into the global economy.

Mussolini's industrial policies had a substantial impact on the Italian labour market. The focus on heavy industries, infrastructure development, and military production created new employment opportunities, particularly in these sectors. The establishment of the Corporate State and the organisation of industries and workers into state-controlled syndicates were intended to harmonise labour relations and prevent class conflict. However, these policies also led to the regimentation of labour, with the state exerting significant control over employment conditions. While employment rates in certain industrial sectors increased, the overall quality of employment and workers' rights were compromised under the Fascist regime’s authoritarian control.

The shift towards wheat monoculture under Mussolini’s Battle for Grain policy presented several challenges for the Italian agricultural sector. Firstly, it led to the neglect of other agricultural products, reducing the diversity and resilience of Italy's agricultural output. This overemphasis on wheat cultivation risked destabilising the agricultural economy, especially if wheat yields were affected by environmental factors. Additionally, the focus on wheat monoculture contributed to soil degradation due to the lack of crop rotation, affecting long-term soil fertility and productivity. These challenges highlighted the limitations of the policy and its unsustainable approach to agricultural development.

Mussolini’s agricultural policies, including extensive land reclamation projects, had notable environmental impacts. The draining of marshlands for the expansion of arable land, particularly in regions like the Pontine Marshes, dramatically altered the local ecosystems. These projects led to the loss of natural habitats and biodiversity. While they succeeded in increasing the amount of land available for wheat cultivation, the environmental costs were significant. Additionally, the focus on intensive wheat farming led to soil degradation in some areas, raising concerns about the long-term sustainability of these agricultural practices.

The Battle for Grain significantly altered Italy's international trade dynamics, particularly with countries from which it previously imported significant quantities of grain. By imposing high tariffs on imported grain, Mussolini's government effectively reduced the volume of grain imports, thereby diminishing trade relations with traditional grain-exporting countries. This shift towards autarky and self-sufficiency was in line with the Fascist regime's broader goal of reducing reliance on foreign goods. However, this policy also led to a degree of isolationism in trade, as Italy turned inward, focusing on domestic production at the expense of international trade opportunities.