Which one of the following best describes vicarious reinforcement as used in social learning theory?
Shade one box only.

A Learning that occurs when a reward is given directly to the learner after a behaviour
B Learning that occurs when a punishment is given directly to the learner after a behaviour
C Learning that occurs when a person observes someone else being rewarded for a behaviour
D Learning that occurs when a person practises a behaviour many times

[1 mark]

Amir watches his older brother revise hard for his mock exams and receive praise from his parents and teachers. Amir starts to revise in a similar way.
Which process in social learning theory best explains why Amir has started revising?
Shade one box only.

A Modelling
B Identification
C Imitation
D Vicarious reinforcement

[1 mark]

Which TWO of the following are assumptions of the behaviourist approach?
Shade two boxes only.

[2 marks]

A Only behaviour that can be observed and measured should be studied
B Behaviour is strongly influenced by unconscious conflicts
C Learning is the same in humans and animals
D Human behaviour is determined purely by the structure of the brain
E Behaviour is influenced by self-actualisation

A psychology teacher tells her class that, according to one approach, the mind can be studied by making inferences from people’s behaviour and by using models such as the information processing model.
Which approach is the teacher describing?
Shade one box only.

A Behaviourist
B Cognitive
C Psychodynamic
D Humanistic

[1 mark]

A researcher uses functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate which brain areas are active when people make moral decisions.
Which approach in psychology is most closely linked to this type of research?
Shade one box only.

A Humanistic
B Behaviourist
C Biological
D Psychodynamic

[1 mark]

Priya crashes her mother’s car but later tells her friends that the damage was already there and that the crash was not serious.
Which defence mechanism, according to the psychodynamic approach, is Priya using?
Shade one box only.

A Displacement
B Repression
C Denial
D Identification

[1 mark]

Which TWO of the following statements are TRUE of the humanistic approach in psychology?
Shade two boxes only.

[2 marks]

A It assumes behaviour is determined entirely by learning history
B It focuses on subjective experience and personal growth
C It emphasises free will in human behaviour
D It uses mainly animal experiments
E It views behaviour as controlled by unconscious conflicts

Daniel has inherited genes that give him a tall body frame, but because he had a long-term illness as a child he grew up to be shorter than expected.
Which option correctly distinguishes between genotype and phenotype in this example?
Shade one box only.

A Daniel’s height is his genotype and his illness is his phenotype
B Daniel’s genes for tallness are his genotype and his actual height is his phenotype
C Daniel’s illness is his genotype and his parents’ height is his phenotype
D Daniel’s phenotype and genotype are the same because height is genetic

[1 mark]

Which approach in psychology proposed the psychosexual stages of development?
Shade one box only.

A Behaviourist
B Social learning theory
C Psychodynamic
D Humanistic

[1 mark]

Describe what is meant by a schema according to the cognitive approach.

[2 marks]