Top 10 Hardest College Majors

Selecting a college major is a critical decision that influences your career and future. It's essential to choose based on passion and interest, but also important to consider the major's demands, including rigorous coursework, extensive lab work, complex theories, and intense research. This article delves into the top 10 hardest college majors, evaluating factors like workload, subject complexity, and research intensity, to help prospective students assess their suitability and satisfy the curiosity of others about these challenging disciplines.

What are the top 10 hardest college majors?

According to the statistics, here is the list of top 10 college majors considered to be the hardest among students:

Table enlisting the top 10 hardest college majors

Criteria for Ranking the Hardest Majors

Determining the difficulty of college majors involves evaluating a range of factors beyond just the number of hours spent studying or in the classroom. To rank the top 10 hardest college majors, we consider the following criteria:

• Average GPA: Majors that historically result in lower average GPAs among students often indicate a rigorous grading scale and challenging coursework.
• Study Hours: The amount of time students must dedicate outside of class for studying, projects, and lab work is a clear indicator of a major's difficulty level.
• Subject Complexity: Disciplines that involve abstract, theoretical concepts or require high-level problem-solving skills tend to be more challenging.
• Research Intensity: Majors that demand significant research, whether in the lab or through independent study, add an additional layer of difficulty through time commitment and the need for meticulous attention to detail.
• Interdisciplinary Requirements: Fields of study that necessitate understanding principles across various disciplines - blending science, math, and engineering, for example - require students to have a broader knowledge base.
• Preparation for University Interviews: Majors that frequently subject students to rigorous university interview processes also rank highly in difficulty. This includes preparing for common university interview questions and answers, which can be daunting and requires a deep understanding of the subject matter. Here are 1000+ Oxbridge Interview Questions that might be useful to those applying to Oxford or Cambridge.

These criteria provide a framework for assessing the relative difficulty of college majors. It's important to note, however, that difficulty is subjective and can vary based on individual strengths and interests. Next, we'll explore each of the top 10 hardest majors in detail, starting with Engineering.

1. Engineering

Engineering stands at the forefront of the hardest college majors, distinguished not just by its rigorous curriculum but also by its broad impact on society. This major encompasses various disciplines, each with its own set of challenges and demands. Here, we'll delve into why Engineering is consistently ranked as one of the toughest fields of study.

Core Challenges

The fundamental challenge of Engineering lies in its integration of complex mathematical and scientific principles applied to real-world problems. From developing sustainable energy solutions to designing next-generation medical devices, engineering students must master a diverse array of skills, including:

• Mathematical Proficiency: Engineering disciplines require a deep understanding of calculus, physics, and advanced mathematics to model and solve complex problems.
• Technical Skillset: Practical skills in coding, software tools, and laboratory techniques are crucial for experimentation and implementation of theoretical knowledge.
• Innovative Thinking: Engineering challenges students to think creatively, designing solutions that push the boundaries of current technology.

Facts and Figures

Engineering majors have some of the most demanding course loads, with students often dedicating upwards of 20 hours per week to studying and project work outside of class time. This intensity is reflected in the job market's high demand for engineering graduates, with fields like Environmental Engineering and Biomedical Engineering expected to grow significantly in the coming years. For instance, statistics project a 5% growth in aerospace engineering jobs from 2019 to 2029, underscoring the enduring need for skilled engineers​​.

• According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) engineers have an average annual salary of $100,640.

Navigating the Major

Expert Tip: According to our expert AP Tutors, "To excel in engineering, develop a strong foundation in physics and mathematics during your high school years. Advanced Placement courses offer a good preview of the kind of rigorous thinking you’ll need. Focus on mastering concepts rather than just aiming for good grades."

Success in engineering requires more than just intellectual ability. It demands resilience, time management, and a passion for problem-solving. Prospective students should seek opportunities for hands-on learning through internships and research projects, which can provide invaluable real-world experience. Furthermore, engaging with faculty and peers, and leveraging resources like tutoring and academic workshops, can significantly enhance the learning experience.

Survey results showing student preferences for the top 10 hardest college majors.

2. Physical Sciences

The Physical Sciences, encompassing majors such as Physics and Chemistry, are renowned for their foundational role in understanding the natural world. These disciplines are pivotal in driving technological innovation and solving complex global challenges. The rigorous nature of these fields stems from their deep reliance on abstract theories, mathematical models, and extensive experimental work.

Core Challenges

Physical Sciences demand a high degree of analytical thinking and problem-solving skills. Students must navigate:

• Abstract Concepts: Understanding phenomena that are not always visible or tangible requires a strong conceptual grasp of subjects like quantum mechanics and thermodynamics.
• Mathematical Rigor: Advanced mathematics is integral to modeling and solving physical science problems, from chemical reactions to physical forces.
• Experimental Precision: Laboratory work is not just about following procedures; it's about designing experiments that can accurately test hypotheses and interpreting data correctly.

Facts and Figures

The demand for experts in the Physical Sciences continues to grow, driven by global challenges such as climate change, energy sustainability, and health crises. For example, the chemical industry is a significant part of the global economy, with the American Chemical Society highlighting the importance of chemistry in everything from agriculture to pharmaceuticals. The Bureau of Labor Statistics notes that employment in life, physical, and social science occupations is projected to grow by 5% from 2019 to 2029, faster than the average for all occupations, indicating the ongoing need for physical scientists​.

• The national average salary for a physics major in the U.S. is $62,150 annually. The top 10 percent make over $118,000 per year, while the bottom 10 percent make under $32,000 per year.

Navigating the Major

Expert Tip: According to Chemistry tutors, in physical sciences it's important to not only understand the theoretical aspects but also to be proficient in lab skills. Regularly practicing these skills in a controlled environment can build the confidence necessary for more complex and demanding experiments.

Success in Physical Sciences requires curiosity, persistence, and a methodical approach to problem-solving. Engaging deeply with coursework, actively participating in lab work, and seeking out research opportunities can enhance understanding and application of concepts. Collaborating with peers and mentors and utilizing academic resources are also key strategies for navigating the complexities of these disciplines.

3. Architecture

Architecture, a blend of art, science, and technology, stands as one of the most challenging and rewarding college majors. It demands not just a knack for design but also a comprehensive understanding of structural integrity, sustainability, and the socio-cultural implications of architectural work. This field requires students to marry creative vision with practical application, making it a unique academic and professional pursuit.

Core Challenges

The challenges in studying Architecture include:

• Design Complexity: Beyond aesthetics, architectural designs must ensure safety, accessibility, and sustainability. This requires a deep understanding of materials, engineering principles, and environmental impact.
• Technical Proficiency: Students must become adept at using advanced software for design and modeling, as well as traditional drafting techniques.
• Long Hours of Studio Work: Architecture programs are known for their intensive studio requirements, where students spend countless hours developing and refining their designs.
• Interdisciplinary Knowledge: Successful architects draw upon history, sociology, and environmental science to create spaces that reflect and serve community needs.

Facts and Figures

The architectural field is evolving rapidly, with sustainability and technology driving many changes. According to the National Architectural Accrediting Board (NAAB), the demand for architects with skills in sustainable design and digital technologies is still there. Statistics project employment of architects to grow only 1% from 2019 to 2029, with a continued emphasis on green building and sustainable design practices​​.

• The median annual wage for architects in the USA is $140,000 per year. Entry level positions start at $114,996 per year while most experienced workers make up to $180,335 per year.

Navigating the Major

Expert Tip: According to our US College Admissions tutors "Architecture schools look for candidates who are not only talented in design but who also show strong analytical skills. Building a portfolio during your high school years that showcases both creative designs and technical projects can be very advantageous"

Prospective architecture students should prepare for a challenging yet fulfilling path. Embracing a multidisciplinary approach to learning and being open to continuous skill development are key. Participation in internships and workshops can provide practical experience, while engagement with the broader architectural community through competitions and exhibitions offers valuable exposure and feedback.

Networking with professionals and alumni can also provide insights into the industry's trends and demands, preparing students for successful careers in architecture. Students should also particularly be careful when sending early decision college applications.

4. Computer Science

Computer Science stands at the crossroads of innovation, driving advances in technology, medicine, science, and business. This major is not just about coding; it encompasses the study of algorithms, data structures, software design, and the impact of technology on society. The rapid pace of technological change presents both a challenge and an opportunity for students, making Computer Science one of the hardest yet most rewarding majors.

Core Challenges

The challenges in Computer Science include:

• Rapid Technological Advancements: Keeping pace with the fast-evolving tech landscape requires continuous learning and adaptation.
• Complex Problem-Solving: Students must develop the ability to think algorithmically, solve complex problems, and apply theoretical knowledge to practical scenarios.
• Intensive Programming: Mastery of multiple programming languages and environments is essential, alongside understanding their appropriate applications.
• Theoretical Foundations: A strong grasp of mathematics, algorithms, and data structures underpins success in this field.

Facts and Figures

Expert IB tutors indicate that the demand for Computer Science graduates is soaring, projecting a 15% growth in computer and information technology occupations from 2019 to 2029, much faster than the average for all occupations. This growth is driven by the increasing emphasis on cloud computing, the collection and storage of big data, and information security​.

• According to the US BLS, the average annual salary of computer scientists is $136,620, with a range of $78,190 for the lowest 10 percent workers and more than $232,000 for the top 10 percent.

Navigating the Major

Success in Computer Science requires a blend of theoretical knowledge and practical skills. Engaging in hands-on projects, internships, and hackathons can provide valuable experience. Collaborative learning, through study groups and online communities, can also enhance understanding and innovation.

Expert Tip: Our Computer Science tutors recommend students to start coding early. "There are many free resources available online such as Codecademy and MIT’s Scratch", they advise. "Experiment with different languages and projects. This practical experience is invaluable and prepares you for the problem-solving mindset required in college."

Staying updated with the latest technologies and industry trends is crucial, as is developing a portfolio of projects to showcase skills to potential employers. Networking with professionals and alumni can offer insights into emerging fields and career pathways.

5. Mathematics

Mathematics is more than just a college major; it's the language through which we understand the universe. This discipline is foundational to all scientific inquiry, making it both a challenging and indispensable area of study. Mathematics majors embark on a journey through abstract concepts, complex problem-solving, and the development of theories that can explain or predict real-world phenomena.

Core Challenges

The study of Mathematics involves:

• Abstract Thinking: Students must navigate through concepts that often do not have tangible counterparts in the physical world.
• Complex Problem-Solving: Mathematics demands a high level of analytical thinking and the ability to devise clear, logical solutions to complex problems.
• Rigorous Logical Reasoning: Rigor and precision in thought and argumentation are central to mathematics, requiring students to develop proofs and solve equations with exactitude.
• Wide Application Spectrum: From theoretical mathematics to applied fields like statistics and actuarial science, students must learn to apply mathematical principles in various contexts.

Facts and Figures

The demand for individuals with strong mathematical skills spans across industries, from finance and insurance to research and development. IB Maths tutors and A-Level Maths tutors note that the employment of mathematicians and statisticians is projected to grow 33% from 2019 to 2029, much faster than the average for all occupations. This growth underscores the increasing importance of data analysis and algorithm development in decision-making processes across sectors.

• Mathematics major graduates in America make an average salary of $62,906 per year or $30.24 per hour. If you are in the top 10 percent, you will make over $114,000; however, if you are in the bottom 10 percent, you will earn less than $34,000 per year.

Navigating the Major

Expert Math tutors say that success in Mathematics requires persistence, curiosity, and a willingness to engage deeply with complex ideas. Participation in mathematics clubs, colloquia, and competitions can enrich the educational experience. Furthermore, internships and research projects offer practical applications of mathematical theories and promote collaboration with peers and professionals in the field.

Expert Tip: "To prepare for a major in mathematics, focus on developing your abstract thinking and problem-solving skills", recommend our SAT tutors. "SAT Math Section and ACT Math Sections are great practice for the kind of logical reasoning and precision needed in higher mathematics."

Developing proficiency in mathematical software and programming languages can also enhance a mathematician's toolkit, broadening their career opportunities and ability to contribute to various fields.

6. Health Professions

The Health Professions encompass a wide range of disciplines, including Medicine, Nursing, Pharmacy, and Public Health, each critical to the wellbeing of society. These majors are known for their rigorous academic requirements, intensive clinical training, and the profound responsibility of patient care. The path to a career in healthcare is both challenging and rewarding, demanding a deep commitment to helping others.

Core Challenges

Students in the Health Professions face several significant challenges:

• Extensive Knowledge Base: These majors require mastering a vast array of information, from human anatomy and physiology to pharmacology and ethics.
• Clinical Skills: Beyond theoretical knowledge, students must develop practical skills through hands-on clinical training, often in high-pressure environments.
• Emotional Resilience: Working in healthcare can be emotionally taxing, necessitating a strong capacity for compassion and resilience in the face of suffering and ethical dilemmas.
• Licensing and Certification: Many health professions require passing rigorous licensing exams and obtaining certification to practice, adding another layer of challenge to these fields.

Facts and Figures

Professional A-Level Biology tutors indicate that the demand for healthcare professionals continues to grow, driven by an aging population and the expanding healthcare needs of society. Employment in healthcare occupations is projected to grow 15% from 2019 to 2029, much faster than the average for all occupations. This growth translates into a significant demand for skilled healthcare workers across disciplines​.

• The national average salary for a medicine major in the U.S. is $106,115 annually or $51.02 hourly.The top 10 percent make over $216,000 per year, while the bottom 10 percent make under $51,000 per year

Navigating the Major

Success in the Health Professions requires a solid foundation in the sciences, excellent communication skills, and a commitment to lifelong learning. Engaging in volunteer work, internships, and research projects can provide valuable experience and insight into the healthcare field.

Furthermore, developing a strong support network among peers and mentors can help students navigate the emotional and academic challenges of their studies. Time management and self-care are also crucial, given the demanding nature of these programs.

7. Economics

Economics is a major that offers insights into how societies use resources and distribute goods and services. It combines the study of human behavior with quantitative analysis, making it a challenging yet fascinating field. Economics majors delve into theories of supply and demand, market structures, fiscal policies, and global economic trends, equipping them with the tools to analyze complex real-world problems.

Core Challenges

Economics students face several unique challenges:

• Complex Theoretical Concepts: Understanding abstract economic theories and models is fundamental, requiring strong analytical skills.
• Quantitative Analysis: A significant portion of economics involves statistical analysis and econometrics, demanding proficiency in mathematics and data analysis.
• Critical Thinking: Students must apply economic theories to solve problems, predict outcomes, and evaluate policy decisions, which requires a high level of critical thinking and creativity.
• Global Perspective: Economics is inherently global. Students must understand international trade, finance, and the impact of global events on local economies.

Facts and Figures

The relevance of economics extends beyond academia into policymaking, business strategy, and financial analysis. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, employment for economists is projected to grow 14% from 2019 to 2029, faster than the average for all occupations. This growth is driven by the increasing complexity of the global economy and the need for economic analysis in decision-making processes across industries​​.

• The national average salary for an economics major in the U.S. is $71,876 annually or $34.56 hourly.The top 10 percent make over $144,000 per year, while the bottom 10 percent make under $35,000 per year

Navigating the Major

Success in Economics requires a blend of theoretical knowledge, mathematical skill, and real-world application. Engaging with economic research, participating in internships, and joining economics clubs can provide practical experience and deepen understanding.

Developing strong analytical and computational skills, such as proficiency in statistical software, is also valuable. Networking with professionals in the field and attending economic policy forums can offer insights into career paths and the impact of economics on society.

Table showing the average annual tuition costs for the hardest college majors

These costs represent an average range and can vary significantly depending on the specific institution, residency status (in-state vs. out-of-state), and other factors such as additional fees and living expenses​.

8. Pharmacology

Pharmacology, a cornerstone of the healthcare field, investigates how drugs interact with biological systems. This major is pivotal for those interested in the mechanisms of drug action, the therapeutic applications of drugs, and the development of new medications. It stands as a bridge between the sciences and medicine, embodying both the complexity of biological systems and the chemistry behind drug design and development.

Core Challenges

Pharmacology students face a multitude of challenges:

• Molecular Mechanisms: Understanding the intricate details of how drugs affect cellular and molecular processes requires a deep understanding of both biology and chemistry.
• Clinical Applications: Translating molecular insights into therapeutic strategies involves not only a grasp of the science but also an understanding of clinical implications and regulatory considerations.
• Research Skills: Students must develop strong research skills, including experimental design, data analysis, and the ability to critically evaluate scientific literature.
• Ethical Considerations: The development and use of drugs are subject to rigorous ethical standards, requiring pharmacology students to navigate complex moral landscapes, particularly in areas like human and animal testing.

Facts and Figures

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median annual wage for pharmacists, who often require a deep understanding of pharmacology, was $132,750 in May 2022. The employment of pharmacists is projected to grow 3% from 2022 to 2032, about as fast as the average for all occupations. This growth reflects the critical role pharmacologists and related professionals play in healthcare, particularly as the development of new drugs continues to advance.

• The average pharmacologist salary in the United States is $101,437. Pharmacologist salaries typically range between $57,000 and $178,000 yearly.

Navigating the Major

Success in Pharmacology demands a commitment to lifelong learning, given the rapid pace of advancement in medical science and drug development. Engaging in lab-based courses, securing internships in pharmaceutical companies or research labs, and participating in relevant professional organizations can provide invaluable experience. Furthermore, collaboration with peers and mentors, attending scientific conferences, and staying abreast of the latest research are key for students aiming to make significant contributions to the field of pharmacology.

Pharmacology prepares students for a range of careers, from research and development in pharmaceutical companies to academic research and clinical application. The skills and knowledge gained in this major are fundamental to the ongoing quest to develop safe and effective drugs, making it a challenging yet profoundly impactful field of study.

9. Biological Sciences

The Biological Sciences major delves into the study of living organisms and their interactions with one another and their environments. This field is vast, covering areas from molecular biology and genetics to ecology and evolution. Students in this major confront the challenge of understanding complex life processes, the molecular basis of life, and the ecological and evolutionary patterns that have shaped the natural world.

Core Challenges

Students studying Biological Sciences face a variety of challenges:

• Complexity of Life: The intricate mechanisms of living organisms, from cellular processes to ecosystem dynamics, require a detailed and comprehensive understanding.
• Rapid Advancements: With continuous discoveries and technological advancements, staying updated with the latest research and methodologies is crucial.
• Research and Laboratory Skills: Proficiency in laboratory techniques, experimental design, and data analysis is essential for exploring biological questions.
• Interdisciplinary Approach: Biology increasingly intersects with other sciences such as chemistry, physics, and computer science, necessitating a broad and integrative knowledge base.

Facts and Figures

The field of Biological Sciences is critical for addressing many of today’s challenges, including environmental conservation, public health, and the development of new medical treatments. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics highlights the growing demand for biological scientists, with job growth projected in areas such as biotechnology, environmental management, and academic research. This reflects the importance and dynamic nature of the field​​.

• Biological scientist salaries typically range between $42,000 and $107,000 yearly.

Navigating the Major

Success in the Biological Sciences requires a curiosity about natural processes, attention to detail, and perseverance in the face of complex problems. Engaging in undergraduate research projects can provide hands-on experience and deepen understanding of scientific concepts. Additionally, internships and volunteer positions in laboratories, hospitals, or field settings offer practical experience and career exploration opportunities.

Expert Tip: According to our Biology tutors, "Practical experience is key in biological sciences. Engage in projects that allow you to observe, experiment, and analyze real-life data. This will not only build your CV but also give you a clearer sense of whether this field is the right fit for you."

Networking with faculty, joining science clubs, and attending scientific conferences can also enhance educational and professional prospects. Pursuing postgraduate education may be necessary for those interested in advanced research positions or specialized fields within biology.

10. Astrophysics

Astrophysics stands as a pinnacle of intellectual challenge, merging the principles of physics and astronomy to explore the mysteries of the universe. From the mechanics governing celestial bodies to the cosmic phenomena that light up the night sky, astrophysics demands not only a strong grasp of physical laws but also an imaginative mind to conceptualize the vast and often intangible elements of the cosmos.

Core Challenges

Students diving into Astrophysics face a universe of challenges:

• Complex Physical Theories: Understanding the fundamental forces of nature and their application across the vast scales of space requires a deep knowledge of physics.
• Mathematical Proficiency: Advanced mathematics is the language of astrophysics, essential for modeling celestial phenomena and interpreting astronomical data.
• Technological Savvy: Modern astrophysics relies heavily on technology, from telescopes that peer into the depths of space to computer simulations that model the evolution of galaxies.
• Research and Data Analysis: Students must become adept at conducting research, handling large data sets, and employing statistical methods to analyze observations and test hypotheses.

Facts and Figures

The field of astrophysics is rapidly evolving, driven by technological advancements and new discoveries. The James Webb Space Telescope, launched in late 2021, is set to unveil the universe's earliest galaxies and stars, offering unprecedented insights into the cosmos's history. Meanwhile, initiatives like the Event Horizon Telescope project, which captured the first image of a black hole in 2019, highlight the collaborative effort and innovative approaches propelling the field forward.

• Astronomy and astrophysics major graduates in the United States of America make on average $73,326 a year

Navigating the Major

Expert Tip: According to our Physics Tutors, "Astrophysics requires not just theoretical knowledge but also computational skills. Students should look into software like MATLAB or Python that are often used for simulations and data analysis in astronomy."

Success in Astrophysics requires curiosity about the universe, an analytical mind, and resilience in the face of complex problems. Participation in observational projects, internships at observatories or space agencies, and research opportunities can provide practical experience and deepen understanding. Additionally, engaging with the astrophysics community through conferences and scientific journals can offer exposure to cutting-edge research and networking opportunities.

Astrophysics majors emerge with a profound understanding of the universe's workings and the analytical and problem-solving skills applicable in many scientific and technological fields. Their studies prepare them for careers in research, education, and beyond, contributing to humanity's quest to understand our place in the cosmos.

How to study for the hardest college majors?

Studying for the hardest college majors requires a strategic and disciplined approach to handle their rigorous demands effectively. According to academic experts, successful students in these fields typically employ a variety of study techniques and resources to maximize their learning outcomes.

• Active Learning: Engage actively with the material through problem-solving sessions and group discussions. This approach helps in better understanding and retention of complex concepts.
• Time Management: Allocate specific times for studying, breaks, and revisions. A study by the University of Ottawa suggests that students who follow a structured study schedule perform better academically.
• Utilize Resources: Make full use of available academic resources such as tutoring centers, online forums, and study groups. Research indicates that collaborative learning can enhance problem-solving abilities and deepen understanding.
• Seek Feedback: Regularly seek feedback on your understanding and assignments from professors or tutors from leading services such as TutorChase. This can help identify areas of improvement early and adjust study strategies accordingly.
• Stay Updated: Keep up with the latest research and developments in your field. Attending relevant workshops and seminars can provide insights and new perspectives that are crucial for advanced studies.

Implementing these strategies can significantly aid students navigating the complexities of challenging majors, enhancing both their academic performance and their overall educational experience.

Conclusion

Choosing a college major is crucial for shaping your future career and opportunities. This guide highlights the academic and practical challenges of the top 10 hardest college majors. Consider how a major's challenges can motivate and deepen your engagement and work ethic. Fields like Engineering, Physics, and Architecture offer unique rewards and demand resilience, practical experience, and a passion for learning. Utilize resources like tutoring and internships to prepare for success. Ultimately, choose a major that challenges you and aligns with your interests and goals.