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CIE IGCSE Biology

Study Notes

1. Characteristics and Classification of Living Organisms

1.1 Characteristics of Living Organisms1.2 Biological Classification Systems1.3 Features for Classification

2. Organisation of the Organism

2.1 Cell Structure2.2 Size of Specimens

3. Movement into and out of Cells

3.1 Diffusion3.2 Osmosis3.3 Active Transport

4. Biological Molecules

4.1 Biological Molecules

5. Enzymes

5.1 Fundamentals of Enzymes5.2 Effects on Enzyme Activity

6. Plant Nutrition

6.1 Photosynthesis6.2 Leaf Structure

7. Human Nutrition

7.1 Diet7.2 Digestive System7.3 Physical Digestion7.4 Chemical Digestion7.5 Absorption

8. Transport in Plants

8.1 Xylem and Phloem8.2 Water Uptake8.3 Transpiration8.4 Translocation

9. Transport in Animals

9.1 Circulatory Systems9.2 Heart9.3 Blood Vessels9.4 Blood

10. Diseases and Immunity

10.1 Diseases and Immunity

11. Gas Exchange in Humans

11.1 Gas Exchange Surfaces11.2 Composition of Air11.3 Breathing and Physical Activity11.4 Respiratory System Protection

12. Respiration

12.1 Energy Uses in Organisms12.2 Aerobic Respiration12.3 Anaerobic Respiration

13. Excretion in Humans

13.1 Organs of Excretion13.2 The Nephron and Urine Formation13.3 Liver and Excretion

14. Coordination and Response

14.1 Nervous System14.2 Sense Organs14.3 Hormones14.4 Homeostasis14.5 Tropic Responses in Plants

15. Drugs

15.1 Understanding Drugs15.2 Antibiotics

16. Reproduction

16.1 Asexual Reproduction16.2 Sexual Reproduction16.3 Sexual Reproduction in Plants16.4 Sexual Reproduction in Humans16.5 Hormonal Regulation in Humans 16.6 Sexually Transmitted Infections

17. Inheritance

17.1 Chromosomes, Genes, and Proteins17.2 Mitosis17.3 Meiosis17.4 Monohybrid Inheritance

18. Variation and Selection

18.1 Variation18.2 Adaptive Features18.3 Selection

19. Organisms and Their Environment

19.1 Energy Flow19.2 Food Chains and Food Webs19.3 Nutrient Cycles19.4 Populations

20. Human Influences on Ecosystems

20.1 Food Supply20.2 Habitat Destruction20.3 Pollution20.4 Conservation

21. Biotechnology and Genetic Modification

21.1 Bacteria in Biotechnology21.2 Biotechnology21.3 Genetic Modification

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