Different character encodings impact text file size due to the varying number of bytes they use to represent each character. ASCII, an older encoding standard, uses 7 or 8 bits (about 1 byte) per character, which is sufficient for English letters and common symbols. In contrast, Unicode, designed to encompass a wide range of characters from numerous languages and scripts, requires more bytes per character. Encoding forms like UTF-8 use a variable length for each character, from 1 to 4 bytes, depending on the symbol. This means that texts containing characters beyond the basic ASCII set (like many non-English characters) will generally result in larger file sizes when using Unicode. Consequently, the choice of encoding impacts not just the range of characters that can be expressed, but also the efficiency of storage, especially for texts with diverse character sets.

The primary advantage of Unicode over ASCII is its ability to represent a vast array of characters from numerous languages and symbol sets, while ASCII is limited to primarily English characters. This inclusivity makes Unicode essential for global communication and data processing, ensuring all languages and scripts are digitally accessible. However, a disadvantage of Unicode is its complexity and size. Unicode requires more storage space and processing power compared to ASCII, which can be significant in environments where resources are limited. Additionally, the multitude of Unicode standards and versions (like UTF-8, UTF-16) can add complexity to software development, requiring more rigorous encoding and decoding processes.

Colour depth and resolution significantly impact the storage size of an image. Colour depth, or bit depth, indicates the number of bits used to represent the colour of each pixel. Higher colour depth allows for more colours and finer shades but increases the amount of data stored per pixel. For instance, a 24-bit colour depth can display over 16 million colours, with 8 bits (1 byte) for each of the red, green, and blue components of a pixel. Resolution refers to the pixel dimensions of an image – the total number of pixels in width and height. Higher resolution images have more pixels, thus more data to store. When both colour depth and resolution increase, the storage requirement for an image multiplies, requiring more memory and potentially affecting the image's loading and processing times.

Hexadecimal is preferred over binary in many computing contexts, like memory addressing and colour representation, due to its compactness and readability. Binary numbers can become very long and hard to interpret; hexadecimal offers a more condensed form. In hexadecimal, every four binary digits (bits) can be represented by a single hexadecimal digit. This makes it simpler and less error-prone to read, write, and communicate long binary numbers. In memory addressing, which often involves dealing with large binary values, using hexadecimal simplifies understanding and working with these addresses. Similarly, for colours, especially in web design and digital arts, hexadecimal colour codes (like #FF5733) provide a more succinct way to represent RGB values than their binary counterparts.

In computing, integers can be represented in both signed and unsigned formats, with the key difference lying in the range of values they can express. Unsigned integers are always non-negative, utilising all available bits to represent the magnitude of the number, thus allowing for a wider range of positive values. For example, an 8-bit unsigned integer can represent values from 0 to 255. On the other hand, signed integers use one bit (usually the most significant bit) to denote the sign of the number, with the remaining bits representing the magnitude. This halves the positive range but allows for the representation of negative numbers. For instance, an 8-bit signed integer can represent values from -128 to 127. The choice between signed and unsigned integers impacts data storage and algorithm design, particularly in situations where negative values are either crucial or irrelevant.