Identify two membrane-bound components shown in the diagram that are part of the endomembrane system.

Explain how the structure of the Golgi complex contributes to its function in cells.

Predict the effect on protein trafficking if vesicle formation from the Golgi complex were inhibited. [2 marks]

Describe the relationship between cell size and surface area-to-volume ratio shown in the diagram.

Explain why a lower surface area-to-volume ratio can restrict cell size.

Make a claim about which modeled cell would exchange materials with the environment more efficiently.

Identify the relationship between surface area-to-volume ratio and the time required for complete clearing.

Explain why smaller cells typically exchange materials more efficiently than larger cells.

Calculate the approximate difference in clearing time between a cube with a surface area-to-volume ratio of 1.2 mm⁻¹ and a cube with a surface area-to-volume ratio of 6.0 mm⁻¹.

Justify the claim that surface area-to-volume ratio can restrict cell size.

Identify the two substances that moved most freely across the membrane.

Describe the difference in movement between nonpolar molecules and ions across the membrane.

Explain how the hydrophobic interior of the membrane produces selective permeability.

Predict how the movement of Na⁺ would change if appropriate channel proteins were added to the membrane.