What is the primary role of photosystem II in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

A. Production of ATP

B. Splitting of water molecules

C. Carbon fixation

D. Regeneration of RuBP

During the Calvin Cycle, what enzyme is crucial for the incorporation of CO2 into organic molecules?

A. ATP synthase

B. Rubisco

C. Chlorophyll

D. Catalase

Which part of the chloroplast is primarily involved in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

A. Stroma

B. Thylakoid membrane

C. Outer membrane

D. Inner membrane

What is the significance of the action spectrum in photosynthesis?

A. It represents the rate of photosynthesis at different light wavelengths.

B. It shows the absorption of light by chlorophyll.

C. It depicts the structure of chloroplasts.

D. It illustrates the regeneration of RuBP.

What is the primary role of NADPH in photosynthesis?

A. Splitting of water molecules

B. Providing reducing power for the Calvin Cycle

C. Absorbing light energy

D. Pumping protons across the thylakoid membrane

a) Explain the role and significance of photosystem II in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. [3]

b) Describe the process of photolysis and its importance in the production of ATP and NADPH. [3]

a) Detail the steps of the Calvin Cycle and explain the role of Rubisco in carbon fixation. [4]

b) Discuss how the Calvin Cycle is cyclic and the significance of the regeneration of ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP). [2]

a) Discuss the structure and function of chloroplasts and how they are adapted to perform photosynthesis efficiently. [3]

b) Explain the concept of action spectra and absorption spectra in relation to chlorophyll and accessory pigments. [3]

a) Explain the significance of the thylakoid membrane and stroma in the photosynthetic processes. [3]

b) How does the structure of the chloroplast relate to its function in photosynthesis? [3]

c) Discuss the role of ATP in the light-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis. [2]

a) Describe the role of photosystem I in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. [3]

b) How does the production of NADPH contribute to the overall process of photosynthesis? [3]

c) Explain the importance of the cyclic nature of the Calvin Cycle. [2]

Which process directly results in the formation of ATP during the light-dependent reactions?

A. Photolysis

B. Carbon fixation

C. Photophosphorylation

D. Reduction of 3-phosphoglycerate

What is the role of the stroma in the chloroplast during photosynthesis?

A. Hosting the light-dependent reactions

B. Splitting water molecules

C. Hosting the Calvin Cycle

D. Absorbing light energy

What is the final product of the Calvin Cycle that is used to regenerate RuBP?

A. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

B. 3-phosphoglycerate

C. Glucose

D. Pyruvate

Why is the Calvin Cycle described as being cyclic?

A. It produces circular molecules.

B. It only occurs in a loop of the chloroplast.

C. It regenerates its initial substrate, RuBP.

D. It depends on a continuous input of light energy.

Which of the following pigments is primarily responsible for absorbing light energy during photosynthesis?

A. Carotene

B. Xanthophyll

C. Chlorophyll

D. Anthocyanin

a) Discuss the significance of glycolysis in anaerobic conditions and during energy demands. [3]

b) Explain the process and significance of the link reaction in connecting glycolysis to the Krebs cycle. [4]

c) How do the reduced carriers NADH and FADH2 contribute to ATP synthesis in cell respiration? [3]

a) Explain the role of water in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. [3]

b) How does the concept of action spectra and absorption spectra relate to the efficiency of photosynthesis? [3]

c) Discuss the adaptations of the mitochondrion structure for cell respiration. [2]

a) Describe the process of photophosphorylation and its significance in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. [3]

b) Explain the role of Rubisco in the Calvin Cycle and why it is crucial for carbon fixation. [3]

c) Discuss how the structure of chlorophyll enables it to play a central role in light absorption. [3]

d) How does the regeneration of ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) ensure the continuity of the Calvin Cycle? [3]

a) Detail the steps of the Calvin Cycle and explain the importance of its cyclic nature. [4]

b) How does the concept of action spectra and absorption spectra enhance our understanding of the efficiency of photosynthesis? [3]

c) Discuss the adaptations of chloroplasts that facilitate efficient photosynthesis. [3]

d) Why is oxygen necessary for maintaining the hydrogen gradient in the electron transport chain? [2]

a) Explain the significance of glycolysis in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. [3]

b) Discuss the role and importance of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration. [4]

c) How do accessory pigments contribute to the efficiency of photosynthesis? [3]

d) Describe the structure of the mitochondrion and discuss how it is adapted for its role in cell respiration. [3]