A psychologist is interested in the biological basis of gender.
Which hormone is most strongly linked with masculinisation of the brain and development of male-typical behaviour?

A Testosterone
B Oxytocin
C Oestrogen
D Cortisol

[1 mark]

Jamie has XY chromosomes but, because their body cells do not respond to androgens, Jamie developed external female-typical characteristics and was raised as a girl.
Which condition best describes Jamie’s biological sex development?

A Klinefelter’s syndrome
B Androgen insensitivity syndrome
C Turner syndrome
D Gender incongruence

[1 mark]

Ali scores highly on both “masculine” and “feminine” scales of a gender questionnaire.
Which concept is illustrated by Ali’s scores?

A Gender constancy
B Gender identity
C Androgyny
D Gender incongruence

[1 mark]

Holly is three years old. She correctly says that she is a girl, but she also says that when she grows up she will be a daddy.
According to Kohlberg’s cognitive theory of gender development, which stage is Holly in?

A Gender identity
B Gender stability
C Gender constancy
D Gender schema

[1 mark]

Which of the following best describes gender fluid identity?

A Feeling neither male nor female
B Having both male and female biological characteristics
C Identifying strictly as male or female
D Experiencing one’s gender as changing over time or across situations

[1 mark]

A researcher asks children to rate themselves on a set of “masculine” traits (eg, “assertive”), “feminine” traits (eg, “gentle”) and “neutral” traits using a 7-point scale from “never true of me” to “always true of me”.
Which measure is the researcher most likely using?

A Bem Sex Role Inventory
B Strange Situation
C Gender Identity Scale
D Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

[1 mark]

Which statement best reflects gender schema theory?

A Children are born with an innate understanding of gender.
B Children learn gender roles by observing others being rewarded or punished.
C Children develop mental frameworks that organise information about gender and guide behaviour.
D Children’s gender concepts depend entirely on their hormones.

[1 mark]

Lina believes that gender roles are mainly the result of reinforcements and punishments given by parents and peers, as well as imitation of same-sex models in the media.
Which approach to gender development does Lina support?

A Biological
B Cognitive
C Social learning
D Psychodynamic

[1 mark]

Which of the following is a cognitive explanation for gender incongruence?

A Atypical exposure to androgens in the womb
B Differences in brain structures such as the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
C Distorted beliefs and expectations about one’s own gender that persist despite social feedback
D Having an extra X chromosome

[1 mark]

A child understands that being a boy or girl stays the same over time, but still believes that changing clothes can change a person’s gender.
According to Kohlberg, which stage is this?

A Gender identity
B Gender stability
C Gender constancy
D Pre-operational stage

[1 mark]