A researcher shows a 9-month-old infant a toy, then covers it with a cloth. The infant immediately reaches under the cloth to find the toy.
Which Piagetian concept does this behaviour best illustrate?
Shade one box only.
A Conservation
B Object permanence
C Egocentrism
D Class inclusion [1 mark]

A 7-year-old child can organise different-sized sticks from shortest to longest and understands that the second stick is longer than the first but shorter than the third.
Which stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development is this child most likely in?
Shade one box only.
A Sensorimotor
B Pre-operational
C Concrete operational
D Formal operational [1 mark]

Which one of the following is the best example of assimilation in Piaget’s theory?
Shade one box only.

A Changing an existing schema after seeing something new
B Creating a brand-new schema
C Fitting new information into an existing schema without changing it
D Forgetting information that does not fit an existing schema [1 mark]

Which two of the following statements are features of Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development?
Shade two boxes only.

A Children learn best when given no adult help.
B Learning occurs in the zone of proximal development.
C Cognitive development is driven only by biological maturation.
D More knowledgeable others provide support that can be gradually withdrawn.
E Children cannot learn from peers of the same age. [2 marks]

Baillargeon used the violation of expectation method to study infant understanding of the physical world.
Which statement best describes this method?
Shade one box only.

A Measuring how long infants explore objects with their hands
B Measuring infants’ heart rate as they listen to sounds
C Measuring how long infants look at possible and impossible events
D Asking parents to rate their children’s curiosity [1 mark]

Which statement best describes theory of mind?
Shade one box only.

A Understanding that objects continue to exist when out of sight
B Understanding that others can hold beliefs different from one’s own
C Understanding that physical quantities remain the same despite changes in appearance
D Understanding that objects can be grouped into subclasses within larger classes [1 mark]

In the classic Sally-Anne task used to test children’s theory of mind, which research method is being used?
Shade one box only.

A Naturalistic observation
B Structured interview
C Experimental task using a scenario
D Correlational study [1 mark]

The mirror neuron system has been proposed as important for social cognition.
Which of the following is a key feature of mirror neurons?
Shade one box only.

A They fire only when a person performs an action, never when they observe one.
B They fire when a person either performs an action or observes the same action performed by someone else.
C They fire when a person is in the formal operational stage.
D They fire only during language processing. [1 mark]

According to Selman’s levels of perspective-taking, a child who knows that different people can have different views about the same event but cannot yet simultaneously consider both viewpoints is most likely at which level?
Shade one box only.

A Social-informational
B Self-reflective
C Mutual
D Societal [1 mark]

Describe what is meant by a schema in the context of cognitive development. [2 marks]