A psychologist working with a national police service uses statistics from solved crimes to develop models of typical offender behaviour for different offence types.

Which approach to offender profiling is the psychologist using? Shade one box only.

A Top-down approach
B Bottom-up approach
C Typology approach
D Psychodynamic approach [1 mark]

Which of the following best describes geographical profiling? Shade one box only.

A Classifying offenders as organised or disorganised
B Using statistical analysis of crime scene details across many offences
C Studying the locations of a series of crimes to infer where an offender might live
D Building a profile based solely on biological factors [1 mark]

Which two of the following are aims of custodial sentencing? Shade two boxes only.

A Recidivism
B Deterrence
C Rehabilitation
D Differential association
E Cognitive distortion [2 marks]

Lee has a long history of violent offending. Brain scans show reduced activity in his prefrontal cortex and abnormalities in his limbic system.

Which explanation of offending behaviour is most closely linked to these findings? Shade one box only.

A Cognitive explanations
B Biological explanations
C Differential association theory
D Eysenck’s criminal personality theory [1 mark]

Which statement best illustrates hostile attribution bias? Shade one box only.

A “I only stole because everyone else would have done the same.”
B “That man looked at me funny, so he must want to start a fight.”
C “What I did wasn’t really that serious – the victim is fine now.”
D “People who offend usually copy their friends and family.” [1 mark]

Which of the following traits is most strongly associated with Eysenck’s criminal personality? Shade one box only.

A High introversion and low neuroticism
B High extraversion and high neuroticism
C Low psychoticism and low neuroticism
D High introversion and high psychoticism [1 mark]

A victim meets the offender who stole from her small business. With the help of a trained mediator, the victim explains the impact of the crime and the offender apologises and agrees to pay compensation.

Which term best describes this way of dealing with offending? Shade one box only.

A Behaviour modification
B Restorative justice
C Anger management
D Custodial sentencing [1 mark]

Which two of the following are psychological effects of custodial sentencing? Shade two boxes only.

A Institutionalisation
B Increased testosterone
C Depression
D Genetic vulnerability
E Cerebral cortex damage [2 marks]

A detective team is investigating a series of arson attacks. A senior officer suggests using the FBI typology approach to develop an offender profile, classifying the arsonist as either an organised or disorganised offender.

Which type of offender profiling is the FBI typology approach an example of? Shade one box only.

A Bottom-up
B Data-driven
C Top-down
D Geographical [1 mark]

What is meant by the term offender profiling? [3 marks]