During DNA replication, what ensures the correct alignment of the incoming nucleotides against the template strand?

A. Hydrogen bond stability between A and T, G and C
B. The anti-parallel structure of the double helix
C. The activity of DNA polymerase
D. The presence of the primer

Which of the following statements about RNA is correct?

A. RNA molecules are double-stranded and contain the base thymine
B. RNA molecules are single-stranded and contain the base uracil
C. RNA molecules are double-stranded and contain the base uracil
D. RNA molecules are single-stranded and contain the base thymine

What is the significance of the 5' and 3' ends in DNA replication?

A. They determine the direction of transcription
B. They regulate the process of translation
C. They determine the direction of replication
D. They are responsible for the stability of the DNA molecule

Which component is not a part of a nucleotide?

A. Phosphate group
B. Pentose sugar
C. Nitrogenous base
D. Ribose sugar

During DNA replication, what role does complementary base pairing play?

A. It ensures the genetic diversity of the replicated DNA
B. It stabilises the double helix structure of DNA
C. It ensures the accuracy of the DNA copy
D. It accelerates the process of replication

a) Explain the structural differences between a nucleotide in DNA and RNA. [3]

b) Discuss the significance of complementary base pairing in the process of DNA replication. [2]

a) Describe the role of hydrogen bonds in the stability of the DNA double helix. [2]

b) Explain why DNA, not RNA, is the primary genetic material in most organisms, with certain exceptions. [3]

a) Outline the structure of a nucleosome and its role in DNA packaging. [3]

b) Discuss the evidence that supports DNA as the genetic material. [2]

a) Describe the process of purine-to-pyrimidine bonding in DNA. [2]

b) Explain the concept of the "directionality" of DNA and RNA strands. [3]

c) Discuss the implications of the conservation of the genetic code across different forms of life. [4]

a) Outline the structure and function of RNA in contrast to DNA. [3]

b) Evaluate the Miller–Urey experiment's significance in understanding the origins of organic molecules. [3]

c) Explain why RNA is thought to be the first genetic material, preceding DNA. [3]

In the context of nucleic acids, what is the function of purine-to-pyrimidine bonding?

A. It promotes the unwinding of the DNA double helix
B. It facilitates the process of transcription
C. It maintains the consistent width of the DNA double helix
D. It prevents the occurrence of mutations

What is the role of the nucleosome in the structure of DNA?

A. It aids in the process of replication and transcription
B. It helps in the repair of DNA
C. It condenses the DNA to fit into the nucleus
D. It assists in the process of translation

Which statement is true regarding the structure of RNA compared to DNA?

A. RNA contains thymine, while DNA contains uracil
B. RNA is double-stranded, while DNA is single-stranded
C. RNA contains ribose sugar, while DNA contains deoxyribose sugar
D. RNA is longer than DNA

What ensures the high fidelity of DNA replication?

A. The semi-conservative nature of DNA
B. The action of DNA ligase
C. The proofreading function of DNA polymerase
D. The presence of single-strand binding proteins

Why is DNA considered a reliable molecule for the storage of genetic information?

A. Its double helix structure is flexible
B. It can easily be modified
C. It is capable of self-replication
D. It is resistant to UV radiation

a) Discuss the role of complementary base pairing in the process of DNA replication. [3]

b) Explain the structure of a nucleosome and its significance in the regulation of gene expression. [4]

c) Describe the evidence that supports the theory that DNA is the genetic material. [2]

a) Explain the significance of the sugar-phosphate backbone in the stability of nucleic acid structures. [3]

b) Discuss the role of RNA in the process of protein synthesis. [2]

c) Evaluate the hypothesis that RNA was the first genetic material on Earth and its implications. [4]

a) Describe the components of a nucleotide. [2]

b) Explain how the structure of DNA differs from RNA. [3]

c) Discuss the role of DNA in storing genetic information. [3]

d) Evaluate the importance of the universal genetic code shared across life forms. [4]

a) Outline the process of DNA replication. [3]

b) Discuss why purine-to-pyrimidine bonding is essential in DNA structure. [2]

c) Explain the structure and function of a nucleosome. [4]

d) Describe the evidence that led to the acceptance of DNA as the genetic material. [3]

a) Discuss the significance of the sugar-phosphate backbone in the stability of DNA. [3]

b) Explain the role of RNA in protein synthesis. [3]

c) Compare the hypotheses regarding the origins of life on Earth, with a focus on the RNA world hypothesis. [4]

d) Evaluate the methods used to determine the directionality of DNA and RNA strands. [3]