Which functional group is characterised by the general formula CnH2n?

A. Alkenes

B. Alkanes

C. Alkynes

D. Alcohols

Which reaction involves the breaking of a double bond and the addition of a molecule across it?

A. Substitution

B. Combustion

C. Electrophilic addition

D. Dehydration

Which test can be used to determine the presence of unsaturation in an organic compound?

A. Litmus test

B. Test with bromine water

C. Flame test

D. Test with silver nitrate

Which type of alcohol undergoes oxidation to produce a ketone?

A. Primary

B. Secondary

C. Tertiary

D. Quaternary

Which reaction involves the elimination of water from an alcohol?

A. Substitution

B. Combustion

C. Esterification

D. Dehydration

a) Define the term "functional group" in the context of organic chemistry. [2]

b) Explain the significance of functional groups in predicting the properties and reactivity of organic compounds. [3]

a) Describe the general properties and reactions associated with alkenes. [3]

b) Explain the test for unsaturation using bromine water. [2]

a) Differentiate between primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols based on their structure. [3]

b) Describe one common use of alcohol in everyday life and explain the reason for this use based on the properties of alcohol. [2]

a) What is the general formula for alkanes? [1]

b) Describe the combustion reaction of alkanes. [2]

c) Explain the importance of alkanes in the petrochemical industry. [3]

a) Describe the electrophilic addition reaction typical of alkenes. [3]

b) What is the product formed when ethene undergoes electrophilic addition with hydrogen bromide? [2]

c) Why are alkenes more reactive than alkanes? [2]

Which functional group plays a crucial role in the synthesis of other organic compounds through nucleophilic substitution reactions?

A. Alkenes

B. Alcohols

C. Halogenoalkanes

D. Aldehydes

In the petrochemical industry, which functional group is primarily obtained from the cracking of larger hydrocarbons?

A. Alkenes

B. Alkanes

C. Alkynes

D. Alcohols

Which type of alcohol is least resistant to oxidation?

A. Primary

B. Secondary

C. Tertiary

D. Quaternary

Which reaction involves the formation of an ester from an alcohol and an acid?

A. Substitution

B. Combustion

C. Esterification

D. Dehydration

Which functional group is characterised by the presence of a carbon-halogen bond?

A. Alkenes

B. Alcohols

C. Alkynes

D. Halogenoalkanes

a) Define nucleophilic substitution reaction. [2]

b) Describe the nucleophilic substitution reaction that occurs when bromoethane reacts with hydroxide ions. [3]

c) Why are halogenoalkanes important in the synthesis of other organic compounds? [2]

a) Explain the IUPAC naming conventions for organic compounds with multiple functional groups. [3]

b) Name the compound with the molecular formula C4H8O2​ that contains both a carbonyl and a hydroxyl functional group. [2]

c) Why is systematic naming important in organic chemistry? [2]

a) Define a functional group in the context of organic chemistry. [2]

b) List and describe the properties of the carbonyl functional group. [3]

c) Explain the difference between a primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohol. [3]

d) Describe the oxidation reactions that primary alcohols can undergo. [4]

a) What is the significance of functional groups in predicting the properties of organic compounds? [3]

b) Using the formula pH = -log[H+], calculate the pH of a solution with a hydrogen ion concentration of 1 x 10^-5 mol/L. [3]

c) Describe the test for unsaturation using bromine water. [3]

d) Explain the importance of alcohols as solvents in the chemical industry. [3]

a) Describe the nucleophilic substitution reactions that halogenoalkanes can undergo. [3]

b) Why is systematic naming crucial in organic chemistry? [3]

c) Explain the general properties of the carboxyl functional group. [3]

d) Describe the importance of the petrochemical industry in the production of organic compounds. [3]