During which stage of meiosis does crossing over, leading to genetic variation, occur?

A. Metaphase I

B. Prophase I

C. Anaphase II

D. Telophase I

How does meiosis contribute to maintaining chromosome number across generations?

A. By producing diploid daughter cells

B. By producing haploid daughter cells

C. By preventing crossing over

D. By duplicating chromosomes

Which of the following processes contributes to genetic variation during meiosis?

A. Cytokinesis

B. Independent assortment of chromosomes

C. DNA replication

D. Chromosome duplication

How does meiosis differ from mitosis in terms of the number of daughter cells produced?

A. Meiosis produces two diploid daughter cells, while mitosis produces four haploid daughter cells.

B. Meiosis produces four haploid daughter cells, while mitosis produces two diploid daughter cells.

C. Both meiosis and mitosis produce two diploid daughter cells.

D. Both meiosis and mitosis produce four haploid daughter cells.

Which of the following is NOT a source of genetic variation during sexual reproduction?

A. Crossing over

B. Random fertilisation

C. Independent assortment of chromosomes

D. DNA replication

a) Outline the stages of meiosis and explain how it results in four genetically unique daughter cells. [4]

b) Compare the process of meiosis with mitosis, highlighting the differences in their outcomes and functions in a multicellular organism. [3]

a) Discuss how meiosis contributes to genetic variation through the independent assortment of chromosomes and crossing over. [4]

b) Explain the significance of genetic variation within a population, with reference to evolution and adaptation. [3]

a) Define karyotyping and explain how it can be used to diagnose genetic disorders such as Down's syndrome. [3]

b) Discuss the limitations of karyotyping and mention an alternative method used for detecting genetic abnormalities. [4]

a) Describe the structure of chromosomes and elucidate their role in inheritance. [3]

b) Explain the process and significance of cytokinesis in meiosis I and meiosis II. [3]

c) Discuss how the production of sex cells through meiosis maintains chromosome number across generations. [3]

a) Outline the process of karyotyping and discuss its application in prenatal screening. [4]

b) Explain how karyotyping can diagnose Down's syndrome and discuss the implications of such a diagnosis. [4]

c) Briefly mention another genetic disorder that can be diagnosed through karyotyping. [1]

In humans, sex cells are produced as a result of:

A. Mitosis

B. Meiosis

C. Binary fission

D. Budding

During which stage of meiosis are sister chromatids separated?

A. Anaphase I

B. Anaphase II

C. Metaphase I

D. Metaphase II

Which statement about the role of meiosis in genetic variation is correct?

A. Meiosis reduces genetic variation by producing identical daughter cells.

B. Meiosis increases genetic variation through crossing over, independent assortment, and random fertilisation.

C. Meiosis only contributes to genetic variation through random fertilisation.

D. Meiosis does not contribute to genetic variation.

What is the significance of meiosis in the life cycle of sexually reproducing organisms?

A. It allows for asexual reproduction.

B. It ensures the offspring are genetically identical to the parents.

C. It produces gametes and maintains chromosome number across generations.

D. It repairs damaged DNA.

Which of the following is true regarding the cells produced at the end of meiosis?

A. They are genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell.

B. They are genetically different from each other and from the parent cell.

C. They are diploid and identical to the parent cell.

D. They are haploid and identical to each other.

a) Discuss the stages of prophase I in meiosis and explain the significance of crossing over. [4]

b) Compare the role of the X and Y chromosomes in human sex determination. [3]

c) Provide an example of a genetic disorder related to sex chromosomes and describe its characteristics. [2]

a) Explain how independent assortment during meiosis contributes to genetic variation. [3]

b) Discuss the role of random fertilisation in increasing genetic diversity within a population. [3]

c) Explain why genetic variation is essential for the survival and evolution of species. [3]

a) Detail the events that occur during anaphase I and anaphase II of meiosis, and explain how they differ from each other. [4]

b) Discuss the significance of meiosis in the production of sex cells and how it maintains chromosome number across generations. [3]

c) Explain the concept of independent assortment and its role in generating genetic diversity. [3]

d) Briefly describe a real-world application of understanding meiosis in the field of agriculture or medicine. [2]

a) Compare and contrast the events of prophase I in meiosis with prophase in mitosis. [4]

b) Discuss how crossing over during prophase I contributes to genetic variation. Provide an example of its evolutionary significance. [4]

c) Explain the process of karyotyping and how it can be used to diagnose genetic disorders such as Down's syndrome. [3]

d) Discuss the ethical considerations associated with prenatal screening for genetic disorders. [2]

a) Explain the role of the X and Y chromosomes in sex determination in humans and discuss a genetic disorder related to sex chromosomes. [4]

b) Detail the stages of telophase II and cytokinesis II in meiosis and discuss their significance in forming four unique daughter cells. [3]

c) Discuss how meiosis and sexual reproduction contribute to genetic variation through processes like independent assortment and random fertilisation. [3]

d) Briefly discuss the implications of reduced genetic variation within a population. [2]