Which of the following hydrocarbons is an alkane?

A. C2H4

B. C3H6

C. C4H10

D. C5H8

Which hydrocarbon is used as the primary reference for octane rating in petrol?

A. Methane

B. Ethene

C. Iso-octane

D. Benzene

Which of the following reactions is characteristic of alkenes?

A. Substitution

B. Addition

C. Elimination

D. Oxidation

Which hydrocarbon is a major component of natural gas and is used as a fuel?

A. Ethyne

B. Methane

C. Butene

D. Phenol

Which of the following is NOT a product of the petrochemical industry?

A. Plastics

B. Detergents

C. Medicines

D. Bread

a) Define hydrocarbons and classify them based on their structural differences. [2]

b) Explain the significance of hydrocarbons in the petrochemical industry. [3]

a) Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, providing an example for each. [3]

b) Describe the general trend in boiling points of alkanes as the number of carbon atoms increases. [2]

a) What is the primary reaction mechanism for alkenes in the presence of halogens? Provide an example. [3]

b) Explain the importance of hydrocarbons in the synthesis of other organic compounds. [2]

a) Describe the process of cracking in the petrochemical industry. [2]

b) Why is cracking considered essential for meeting the demands of certain hydrocarbon products? [3]

c) Provide an example of a hydrocarbon that can be obtained from the cracking process. [2]

a) Define and differentiate between chain isomerism and functional group isomerism. [3]

b) Provide an example of a hydrocarbon that exhibits chain isomerism. [2]

c) Explain the significance of functional group isomerism in organic reactions. [3]

Which type of hydrocarbon contains a triple bond?

A. Alkane

B. Alkene

C. Alkyne

D. Cycloalkane

Which of the following hydrocarbons is unsaturated?

A. C3H8

B. C2H6

C. C2H4

D. C4H10

In the petrochemical industry, which process is used to break down large hydrocarbons into smaller ones?

A. Polymerisation

B. Fermentation

C. Cracking

D. Hydrolysis

Which of the following is a primary use of hydrocarbons in the synthesis of other organic compounds?

A. As a solvent

B. As a fuel

C. As a monomer

D. As a catalyst

Which hydrocarbon derivative is commonly used as a refrigerant and propellant in aerosol sprays?

A. Aldehyde

B. Alcohol

C. Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)

D. Ester

a) What is geometric (cis-trans) isomerism? [3]

b) Describe the conditions required for a molecule to exhibit geometric isomerism. [2]

c) Explain the importance of geometric isomerism in drug design. [3]

a) Define optical isomerism and explain the concept of a chiral centre. [3]

b) How does optical isomerism affect the biological activity of molecules? [3]

c) Provide an example of a drug where its optical isomers have different effects on the human body. [2]

a) Define the term "hydrocarbon". [2]

b) Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, providing an example for each. [3]

c) Describe the general trend in boiling points of alkanes as the chain length increases. [3]

d) Explain why unsaturated hydrocarbons are more reactive than their saturated counterparts. [4]

a) What is the significance of hydrocarbons in the petrochemical industry? [3]

b) Describe the process of fractional distillation and its importance in separating hydrocarbons. [4]

c) Explain the term "aromatic hydrocarbon" and provide an example. [3]

d) Why are aromatic hydrocarbons relatively stable compared to other unsaturated hydrocarbons? [4]

a) Define the term "alkyne" and provide an example. [2]

b) Describe the characteristic reactions of alkynes. [4]

c) How do the physical properties of alkynes differ from those of alkenes and alkanes? [3]

d) Explain the significance of alkynes in the synthesis of other organic compounds. [4]