1. Water and Carbon Cycles1.1 Water and carbon cycles as natural systems0/01.1.1 Systems Concepts in Physical Geography1.2 The Water Cycle0/01.2.1 Global Distribution and Size of Water Stores1.2.2 Processes Driving Changes in Water Stores1.2.3 Drainage Basins as Open Systems1.2.4 Runoff Variation and Flood Hydrographs1.2.5 Changes in the Water Cycle Over Time1.3 The Carbon Cycle0/01.3.1 Global Distribution and Size of Carbon Stores1.3.2 Processes Driving Changes in Carbon Stores1.3.3 Changes in the Carbon Cycle Over Time1.3.4 The Carbon Budget and its Global Impacts1.4 Water, Carbon, Climate and Life on Earth0/01.4.1 Role of Cycles in Supporting Life and Climate1.4.2 Interactions and Feedbacks Between Cycles1.4.3 Human Interventions in the Carbon Cycle1.5 Quantitative and Qualitative Skills0/01.5.1 Geographical Skills for Water and Carbon Cycles1.6 Case Studies0/01.6.1 Tropical Rainforest Case Study1.6.2 River Catchment Case Study1. Water and Carbon Cycles1.1 Water and carbon cycles as natural systems0/01.1.1 Systems Concepts in Physical Geography1.2 The Water Cycle0/01.2.1 Global Distribution and Size of Water Stores1.2.2 Processes Driving Changes in Water Stores1.2.3 Drainage Basins as Open Systems1.2.4 Runoff Variation and Flood Hydrographs1.2.5 Changes in the Water Cycle Over Time1.3 The Carbon Cycle0/01.3.1 Global Distribution and Size of Carbon Stores1.3.2 Processes Driving Changes in Carbon Stores1.3.3 Changes in the Carbon Cycle Over Time1.3.4 The Carbon Budget and its Global Impacts1.4 Water, Carbon, Climate and Life on Earth0/01.4.1 Role of Cycles in Supporting Life and Climate1.4.2 Interactions and Feedbacks Between Cycles1.4.3 Human Interventions in the Carbon Cycle1.5 Quantitative and Qualitative Skills0/01.5.1 Geographical Skills for Water and Carbon Cycles1.6 Case Studies0/01.6.1 Tropical Rainforest Case Study1.6.2 River Catchment Case Study2. Hot Desert Systems and LandscapesPremium2.1 Deserts as Natural Systems0/02.1.1 Systems Concepts and Desert Landscapes2.1.2 Global Distribution and Characteristics of Deserts2.1.3 Causes of Aridity2.2 Systems and Processes0/02.2.1 Sources of Energy and Sediment2.2.2 Aeolian and Fluvial Processes2.2.3 Water Sources and Fluvial Action2.3 Arid Landscape Development in Contrasting Settings0/02.3.1 Aeolian and Fluvial Landforms2.3.2 Processes and Time in Landscape Development2.4 Desertification0/02.4.1 Changes in Desert Extent and Causes of Desertification2.4.2 Impacts and Future Scenarios2.5 Quantitative and Qualitative Skills0/02.5.1 Geographical Skills for Desert Landscapes2.6 Case Studies0/02.6.1 Case Study of a Hot Desert Environment2.6.2 Case Study of Desertification2. Hot Desert Systems and LandscapesPremium2.1 Deserts as Natural Systems0/02.1.1 Systems Concepts and Desert Landscapes2.1.2 Global Distribution and Characteristics of Deserts2.1.3 Causes of Aridity2.2 Systems and Processes0/02.2.1 Sources of Energy and Sediment2.2.2 Aeolian and Fluvial Processes2.2.3 Water Sources and Fluvial Action2.3 Arid Landscape Development in Contrasting Settings0/02.3.1 Aeolian and Fluvial Landforms2.3.2 Processes and Time in Landscape Development2.4 Desertification0/02.4.1 Changes in Desert Extent and Causes of Desertification2.4.2 Impacts and Future Scenarios2.5 Quantitative and Qualitative Skills0/02.5.1 Geographical Skills for Desert Landscapes2.6 Case Studies0/02.6.1 Case Study of a Hot Desert Environment2.6.2 Case Study of Desertification3. Coastal Systems and LandscapesPremium3.1 Coasts as Natural Systems0/03.1.1 Systems Concepts and Coastal Landscapes3.2 Systems and Processes0/03.2.1 Coastal Energy Sources and Sediment Cells3.2.2 Coastal Geomorphological Processes3.3 Coastal Landscape Development0/03.3.1 Erosional and Depositional Landforms3.3.2 Coastal Wetland Environments3.3.3 Sea Level Change and Related Landforms3.3.4 Climate Change and Coastal Environments3.3.5 Process, Time, Landforms and Landscapes3.4 Coastal Management0/03.4.1 Coastal Management Strategies3.5 Quantitative and Qualitative Skills0/03.5.1 Geographical Skills for Coastal Landscapes3.6 Case Studies0/03.6.1 Local Coastal Case Study3.6.2 Contrasting International Coastal Case Study3. Coastal Systems and LandscapesPremium3.1 Coasts as Natural Systems0/03.1.1 Systems Concepts and Coastal Landscapes3.2 Systems and Processes0/03.2.1 Coastal Energy Sources and Sediment Cells3.2.2 Coastal Geomorphological Processes3.3 Coastal Landscape Development0/03.3.1 Erosional and Depositional Landforms3.3.2 Coastal Wetland Environments3.3.3 Sea Level Change and Related Landforms3.3.4 Climate Change and Coastal Environments3.3.5 Process, Time, Landforms and Landscapes3.4 Coastal Management0/03.4.1 Coastal Management Strategies3.5 Quantitative and Qualitative Skills0/03.5.1 Geographical Skills for Coastal Landscapes3.6 Case Studies0/03.6.1 Local Coastal Case Study3.6.2 Contrasting International Coastal Case Study4. Glacial Systems and LandscapesPremium4.1 Glaciers as natural systems0/04.1.1 Systems Concepts and Glaciated Landscapes4.2 The Nature and Distribution of Cold Environments0/04.2.1 Global Distribution and Characteristics of Cold Environments4.3 Systems and Processes0/04.3.1 Glacial Systems and Ice Dynamics4.3.2 Glacial, Fluvioglacial and Periglacial Processes4.4 Glaciated Landscape Development0/04.4.1 Erosional and Depositional Landforms in Glacial Environments4.4.2 Fluvioglacial and Periglacial Landforms4.4.3 Process, Time, and Landscape Relationships4.5 Human Impacts on Cold Environments0/04.5.1 Human Activity and Management in Cold Environments4.6 Quantitative and Qualitative Skills0/04.6.1 Geographical Skills for Glacial Landscapes4.7 Case Studies0/04.7.1 Local Glaciated Landscape Case Study4.7.2 Contrasting Glaciated Landscape Case Study4. Glacial Systems and LandscapesPremium4.1 Glaciers as natural systems0/04.1.1 Systems Concepts and Glaciated Landscapes4.2 The Nature and Distribution of Cold Environments0/04.2.1 Global Distribution and Characteristics of Cold Environments4.3 Systems and Processes0/04.3.1 Glacial Systems and Ice Dynamics4.3.2 Glacial, Fluvioglacial and Periglacial Processes4.4 Glaciated Landscape Development0/04.4.1 Erosional and Depositional Landforms in Glacial Environments4.4.2 Fluvioglacial and Periglacial Landforms4.4.3 Process, Time, and Landscape Relationships4.5 Human Impacts on Cold Environments0/04.5.1 Human Activity and Management in Cold Environments4.6 Quantitative and Qualitative Skills0/04.6.1 Geographical Skills for Glacial Landscapes4.7 Case Studies0/04.7.1 Local Glaciated Landscape Case Study4.7.2 Contrasting Glaciated Landscape Case Study5. HazardsPremium5.1 The Concept of Hazard in a Geographical Context0/05.1.1 Nature and Perception of Hazards5.1.2 Human Responses to Hazards5.2 Plate Tectonics0/05.2.1 Earth Structure and Tectonic Theory5.2.2 Plate Margins and Associated Processes5.2.3 Magma Plumes and Hotspot Theory5.3 Volcanic Hazards0/05.3.1 Nature and Distribution of Volcanic Hazards5.3.2 Impacts and Responses to Volcanic Hazards5.3.3 Case Study: Recent Volcanic Event5.4 Seismic Hazards0/05.4.1 Nature and Distribution of Seismic Hazards5.4.2 Impacts and Responses to Seismic Hazards5.4.3 Case Study: Recent Seismic Event5.5 Storm Hazards0/05.5.1 Nature and Distribution of Storm Hazards5.5.2 Impacts and Responses to Storm Hazards5.5.3 Case Study: Contrasting Storm Events5.6 Fires in Nature0/05.6.1 Nature, Causes and Behaviour of Wildfires5.6.2 Impacts and Responses to Wildfires5.6.3 Case Study: Recent Wildfire Event5.7 Case Studies0/05.7.1 Case Study: Multi-Hazardous Environment5.7.2 Case Study: Local Hazardous Setting5. HazardsPremium5.1 The Concept of Hazard in a Geographical Context0/05.1.1 Nature and Perception of Hazards5.1.2 Human Responses to Hazards5.2 Plate Tectonics0/05.2.1 Earth Structure and Tectonic Theory5.2.2 Plate Margins and Associated Processes5.2.3 Magma Plumes and Hotspot Theory5.3 Volcanic Hazards0/05.3.1 Nature and Distribution of Volcanic Hazards5.3.2 Impacts and Responses to Volcanic Hazards5.3.3 Case Study: Recent Volcanic Event5.4 Seismic Hazards0/05.4.1 Nature and Distribution of Seismic Hazards5.4.2 Impacts and Responses to Seismic Hazards5.4.3 Case Study: Recent Seismic Event5.5 Storm Hazards0/05.5.1 Nature and Distribution of Storm Hazards5.5.2 Impacts and Responses to Storm Hazards5.5.3 Case Study: Contrasting Storm Events5.6 Fires in Nature0/05.6.1 Nature, Causes and Behaviour of Wildfires5.6.2 Impacts and Responses to Wildfires5.6.3 Case Study: Recent Wildfire Event5.7 Case Studies0/05.7.1 Case Study: Multi-Hazardous Environment5.7.2 Case Study: Local Hazardous Setting6. Ecosystems Under StressPremium6.1 Ecosystems and Sustainability0/06.1.1 Biodiversity and its Decline6.1.2 Ecosystems and Population Growth6.2 Ecosystems and Processes0/06.2.1 Structure and Function of Ecosystems6.2.2 Systems Concepts in Ecosystems6.2.3 Succession and Nutrient Cycling6.2.4 Environmental Controls and Ecosystem Responses6.3 Biomes0/06.3.1 Concept and Global Distribution of Biomes6.3.2 Tropical Rainforest Biome6.3.3 Savanna Grassland Biome6.4 Ecosystems in the British Isles Over Time0/06.4.1 Succession and Climatic Climax in the UK6.4.2 Human Impacts on Succession6.5 Marine ecosystems0/06.5.1 Coral Reefs: Distribution and Characteristics6.5.2 Threats and Management of Coral Reefs6.6 Local Ecosystems0/06.6.1 Characteristics and Adaptations in a Local Ecosystem6.6.2 Local Ecological Change and Management6.7 Case Studies0/06.7.1 Regional Ecological Change Case Study6.7.2 Local Ecosystem Case Study6. Ecosystems Under StressPremium6.1 Ecosystems and Sustainability0/06.1.1 Biodiversity and its Decline6.1.2 Ecosystems and Population Growth6.2 Ecosystems and Processes0/06.2.1 Structure and Function of Ecosystems6.2.2 Systems Concepts in Ecosystems6.2.3 Succession and Nutrient Cycling6.2.4 Environmental Controls and Ecosystem Responses6.3 Biomes0/06.3.1 Concept and Global Distribution of Biomes6.3.2 Tropical Rainforest Biome6.3.3 Savanna Grassland Biome6.4 Ecosystems in the British Isles Over Time0/06.4.1 Succession and Climatic Climax in the UK6.4.2 Human Impacts on Succession6.5 Marine ecosystems0/06.5.1 Coral Reefs: Distribution and Characteristics6.5.2 Threats and Management of Coral Reefs6.6 Local Ecosystems0/06.6.1 Characteristics and Adaptations in a Local Ecosystem6.6.2 Local Ecological Change and Management6.7 Case Studies0/06.7.1 Regional Ecological Change Case Study6.7.2 Local Ecosystem Case Study7. Global Systems and Global GovernancePremium7.1 Globalisation0/07.1.1 Dimensions of Globalisation7.1.2 Factors in Globalisation7.2 Global systems0/07.2.1 Nature of Interdependence7.2.2 Issues of Interdependence and Power7.3 International trade and access to markets0/07.3.1 Global Trade Patterns and Investment7.3.2 Trading Relationships and Disparities7.3.3 Access to Markets and Well-being7.3.4 Transnational Corporations (TNCs)7.3.5 Global Trade in a Product7.3.6 Geographical Consequences of Trade7.4 Global governance0/07.4.1 Norms, Laws, and Institutions7.4.2 Challenges of Global Governance7.5 The global commons0/07.5.1 Concept and Protection of Global Commons7.5.2 Antarctica’s Geography and Vulnerability7.5.3 Threats to Antarctica7.5.4 Governance and Protection of Antarctica7.5.5 Geographical Consequences of Governance7.6 Globalisation critique0/07.6.1 Benefits and Costs of Globalisation7.7 Quantitative and qualitative skills0/07.7.1 Skills for Global Systems and Governance7. Global Systems and Global GovernancePremium7.1 Globalisation0/07.1.1 Dimensions of Globalisation7.1.2 Factors in Globalisation7.2 Global systems0/07.2.1 Nature of Interdependence7.2.2 Issues of Interdependence and Power7.3 International trade and access to markets0/07.3.1 Global Trade Patterns and Investment7.3.2 Trading Relationships and Disparities7.3.3 Access to Markets and Well-being7.3.4 Transnational Corporations (TNCs)7.3.5 Global Trade in a Product7.3.6 Geographical Consequences of Trade7.4 Global governance0/07.4.1 Norms, Laws, and Institutions7.4.2 Challenges of Global Governance7.5 The global commons0/07.5.1 Concept and Protection of Global Commons7.5.2 Antarctica’s Geography and Vulnerability7.5.3 Threats to Antarctica7.5.4 Governance and Protection of Antarctica7.5.5 Geographical Consequences of Governance7.6 Globalisation critique0/07.6.1 Benefits and Costs of Globalisation7.7 Quantitative and qualitative skills0/07.7.1 Skills for Global Systems and Governance8. Changing PlacesPremium8.1 The Nature and Importance of Places0/08.1.1 Concept and Significance of Place8.1.2 Factors Shaping Place Character8.2 Changing Places – Relationships, Connections, Meaning and Representation0/08.2.1 Continuity and Change in Place8.3 Relationships and Connections0/08.3.1 Demographic and Cultural Change8.3.2 External Forces and Place Shaping8.3.3 Historical and Current Place Connections8.4 Meaning and Representation0/08.4.1 Lived Experience and Attachment8.4.2 Place Meaning and External Agencies8.4.3 Place Representation in Media and Statistics8.4.4 Development and Meaning in Places8.5 Quantitative and Qualitative Skills0/08.5.1 Skills in Changing Places Theme8.6 Place Studies0/08.6.1 Local Place Study8.6.2 Contrasting Place Study8. Changing PlacesPremium8.1 The Nature and Importance of Places0/08.1.1 Concept and Significance of Place8.1.2 Factors Shaping Place Character8.2 Changing Places – Relationships, Connections, Meaning and Representation0/08.2.1 Continuity and Change in Place8.3 Relationships and Connections0/08.3.1 Demographic and Cultural Change8.3.2 External Forces and Place Shaping8.3.3 Historical and Current Place Connections8.4 Meaning and Representation0/08.4.1 Lived Experience and Attachment8.4.2 Place Meaning and External Agencies8.4.3 Place Representation in Media and Statistics8.4.4 Development and Meaning in Places8.5 Quantitative and Qualitative Skills0/08.5.1 Skills in Changing Places Theme8.6 Place Studies0/08.6.1 Local Place Study8.6.2 Contrasting Place Study9. Contemporary Urban EnvironmentsPremium9.1 Urbanisation0/09.1.1 Global Urbanisation and Trends9.1.2 Urbanisation Processes and Impacts9.2 Urban Forms0/09.2.1 Characteristics and Patterns of Urban Form9.2.2 New Urban Landscapes and the Postmodern City9.3 Social and Economic Issues Associated with Urbanisation0/09.3.1 Urban Inequality and Diversity9.4 Urban Climate0/09.4.1 Urban Microclimates and Weather9.4.2 Pollution Control Strategies9.5 Urban Drainage0/09.5.1 Urban Drainage Systems and Impacts9.5.2 SUDS and Urban River Restoration9.6 Urban Waste and its Disposal0/09.6.1 Waste Types and Streams9.6.2 Waste Disposal Methods and Impacts9.7 Other Contemporary Urban Environmental Issues0/09.7.1 Urban Environmental Problems and Strategies9.8 Sustainable Urban Development0/09.8.1 Urban Sustainability and Ecological Footprints9.9 Case Studies0/09.9.1 Contrasting Urban Area Case Studies9. Contemporary Urban EnvironmentsPremium9.1 Urbanisation0/09.1.1 Global Urbanisation and Trends9.1.2 Urbanisation Processes and Impacts9.2 Urban Forms0/09.2.1 Characteristics and Patterns of Urban Form9.2.2 New Urban Landscapes and the Postmodern City9.3 Social and Economic Issues Associated with Urbanisation0/09.3.1 Urban Inequality and Diversity9.4 Urban Climate0/09.4.1 Urban Microclimates and Weather9.4.2 Pollution Control Strategies9.5 Urban Drainage0/09.5.1 Urban Drainage Systems and Impacts9.5.2 SUDS and Urban River Restoration9.6 Urban Waste and its Disposal0/09.6.1 Waste Types and Streams9.6.2 Waste Disposal Methods and Impacts9.7 Other Contemporary Urban Environmental Issues0/09.7.1 Urban Environmental Problems and Strategies9.8 Sustainable Urban Development0/09.8.1 Urban Sustainability and Ecological Footprints9.9 Case Studies0/09.9.1 Contrasting Urban Area Case Studies10. Population and the EnvironmentPremium10.1 Introduction0/010.1.1 Environmental Context and Population Characteristics10.2 Environment and Population0/010.2.1 Food Production, Agriculture and the Environment10.2.2 Climate and Soil Examples10.2.3 Food Security Strategies10.3 Environment, Health and Well-Being0/010.3.1 Patterns of Health and Disease10.3.2 Environmental Influences on Health10.3.3 Biologically Transmitted Disease10.3.4 Non-Communicable Disease10.3.5 Global Health Organisations10.4 Population Change0/010.4.1 Natural Population Change10.4.2 International Migration10.5 Principles of Population Ecology0/010.5.1 Population-Resource Relationships10.5.2 Models and Perspectives10.6 Global Population Futures0/010.6.1 Environmental Change and Health10.6.2 Future Population-Environment Relationships10.7 Case Studies0/010.7.1 National Population Change Case Study10. Population and the EnvironmentPremium10.1 Introduction0/010.1.1 Environmental Context and Population Characteristics10.2 Environment and Population0/010.2.1 Food Production, Agriculture and the Environment10.2.2 Climate and Soil Examples10.2.3 Food Security Strategies10.3 Environment, Health and Well-Being0/010.3.1 Patterns of Health and Disease10.3.2 Environmental Influences on Health10.3.3 Biologically Transmitted Disease10.3.4 Non-Communicable Disease10.3.5 Global Health Organisations10.4 Population Change0/010.4.1 Natural Population Change10.4.2 International Migration10.5 Principles of Population Ecology0/010.5.1 Population-Resource Relationships10.5.2 Models and Perspectives10.6 Global Population Futures0/010.6.1 Environmental Change and Health10.6.2 Future Population-Environment Relationships10.7 Case Studies0/010.7.1 National Population Change Case Study11. Resource SecurityPremium11.1 Resource Development0/011.1.1 Concept and Classification of Resources11.1.2 Resource Development Over Time11.1.3 Sustainable Resource Development and EIAs11.2 Natural Resource Issues0/011.2.1 Global Resource Patterns11.2.2 Geopolitics of Resources11.3 Water Security0/011.3.1 Sources, Demand and Stress11.3.2 Physical Geography and Supply11.3.3 Strategies to Increase Supply11.3.4 Environmental Impacts of Water Schemes11.3.5 Managing Water Consumption11.3.6 Sustainability and Conflict in Water Management11.4 Energy Security0/011.4.1 Energy Sources and Demand11.4.2 Physical Geography and Supply11.4.3 Globalisation and Geopolitics of Energy11.4.4 Environmental Impacts of Energy Development11.4.5 Energy Supply and Demand Strategies11.4.6 Energy Sustainability Issues11.5 Mineral Security0/011.5.1 Sources, Reserves and Demand11.5.2 Physical Geography of Ore Occurrence11.5.3 Environmental and Sustainability Issues11.6 Resource Futures0/011.6.1 Future Scenarios for Resource Security11.7 Case Studies0/011.7.1 Global or Regional Resource Issues11.7.2 Local Place-Based Resource Analysis11. Resource SecurityPremium11.1 Resource Development0/011.1.1 Concept and Classification of Resources11.1.2 Resource Development Over Time11.1.3 Sustainable Resource Development and EIAs11.2 Natural Resource Issues0/011.2.1 Global Resource Patterns11.2.2 Geopolitics of Resources11.3 Water Security0/011.3.1 Sources, Demand and Stress11.3.2 Physical Geography and Supply11.3.3 Strategies to Increase Supply11.3.4 Environmental Impacts of Water Schemes11.3.5 Managing Water Consumption11.3.6 Sustainability and Conflict in Water Management11.4 Energy Security0/011.4.1 Energy Sources and Demand11.4.2 Physical Geography and Supply11.4.3 Globalisation and Geopolitics of Energy11.4.4 Environmental Impacts of Energy Development11.4.5 Energy Supply and Demand Strategies11.4.6 Energy Sustainability Issues11.5 Mineral Security0/011.5.1 Sources, Reserves and Demand11.5.2 Physical Geography of Ore Occurrence11.5.3 Environmental and Sustainability Issues11.6 Resource Futures0/011.6.1 Future Scenarios for Resource Security11.7 Case Studies0/011.7.1 Global or Regional Resource Issues11.7.2 Local Place-Based Resource Analysis