Which of the following structures is characteristic of bacteria but not archaea?

A. Nucleoid

B. Plasmids

C. Peptidoglycan cell wall

D. Ribosomes

Which organelle is responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration?

A. Nucleus

B. Mitochondria

C. Endoplasmic Reticulum

D. Golgi Apparatus

What is the primary function of lysosomes within a cell?

A. Protein synthesis

B. Intracellular digestion

C. Lipid transport

D. DNA replication

Which of the following is a key difference between Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)?

A. Sample preparation

B. Principle of operation

C. Image interpretation

D. Magnification level

Which organelle is involved in the synthesis of lipids and detoxification of drugs?

A. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

B. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

C. Peroxisome

D. Nucleus

a) Explain the principle of operation of a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and how it differs from a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). [4]

b) Discuss the steps involved in sample preparation for viewing under a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). [3]

a) Describe the structure and function of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells. [3]

b) Explain how the structure of the Golgi apparatus is related to its function. [2]

a) Highlight the main features of a nucleoid in prokaryotic cells and discuss how it differs from a nucleus in eukaryotic cells. [3]

b) Differentiate between the cell wall composition of bacteria and archaea. [2]

a) Discuss the role and significance of ribosomes in protein synthesis within the cell. [3]

b) Explain how the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is adapted to its functions. [4]

c) Compare the functions of lysosomes and peroxisomes in the cell. [3]

a) Describe the ultrastructure of mitochondria and relate it to its role in energy production. [4]

b) Explain the significance of plasmids in bacterial cells. [2]

c) Discuss how archaea are adapted to extreme environments with reference to their cell wall composition. [4]

What is the function of the cytoskeleton within a cell?

A. Energy production

B. Maintaining cell shape and structure

C. DNA replication

D. Intracellular digestion

Which structure is present in prokaryotic cells and contains genetic material?

A. Nucleus

B. Nucleoid

C. Mitochondria

D. Golgi Apparatus

Which of the following organelles is involved in modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins?

A. Lysosome

B. Mitochondria

C. Golgi Apparatus

D. Peroxisome

In electron microscopy, why is sample preparation important?

A. To increase magnification

B. To preserve the ultrastructure of the sample

C. To enhance the principle of operation

D. To interpret images accurately

Which of the following structures is involved in protein synthesis in prokaryotic cells?

A. Plasmids

B. Ribosomes

C. Nucleoid

D. Cell wall

a) Outline the steps involved in preparing a sample for viewing under a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). [3]

b) Discuss the differences in the images produced by SEM and TEM in terms of dimensionality and detail. [3]

c) Explain the importance of the cytoskeleton in maintaining cell shape and facilitating movement. [4]

a) Describe the structure and function of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells. [3]

b) Differentiate between the roles of the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum within the cell. [3]

c) Explain how bacteria and archaea are classified into different domains despite both being prokaryotic. [4]

a) Describe the structure and function of lysosomes in eukaryotic cells. [3]

b) Explain how the presence of plasmids can contribute to the adaptability of bacterial cells. [3]

c) Discuss the differences between the cell walls of bacteria and archaea in terms of chemical composition. [3]

d) Outline the steps involved in focusing a specimen using the 40x objective lens of a light microscope. [2]

a) Explain the principle of operation of a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and how it differs from a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). [4]

b) Discuss the role of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells, highlighting its components and their functions. [4]

c) Describe the ultrastructure of the Golgi apparatus and explain how it is adapted to its functions. [3]

d) Differentiate between the nucleoid region in prokaryotic cells and the nucleus in eukaryotic cells. [2]

a) Describe the structure and significance of mitochondria in cellular respiration. [4]

b) Explain the role of ribosomes in prokaryotic cells and how they differ from those in eukaryotic cells. [3]

c) Discuss the adaptations of archaea that enable them to survive in extreme environments, with reference to their cell wall and membrane structures. [4]

d) Outline the process of preparing a sample for viewing under a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). [2]