Which of the following best describes facilitated diffusion?

A. Movement of molecules against a concentration gradient using energy
B. Movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a lower concentration without energy
C. Movement of molecules from a region of lower concentration to higher concentration using protein channels
D. Movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration using protein channels

What will happen to a plant cell placed in a hypertonic solution?

A. The cell will swell due to water influx
B. The cell will shrink due to water efflux
C. The cell will remain unchanged
D. The cell will burst due to water influx

Which pump is responsible for maintaining the electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane?

A. Proton pump
B. Calcium pump
C. Sodium-potassium pump
D. Glucose pump

Which form of endocytosis involves the ingestion of liquid into the cell?

A. Phagocytosis
B. Pinocytosis
C. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
D. Exocytosis

Exocytosis is crucial for which of the following processes?

A. Ingesting bacteria
B. Releasing neurotransmitters
C. Ingesting fluids
D. Transporting ions across the membrane

a) Explain the process of diffusion and discuss the factors that affect the rate of diffusion across the cell membrane. [4]

b) Define and differentiate between hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions, and describe their effects on plant cells in terms of turgor pressure. [4]

a) Describe the mechanism of facilitated diffusion and explain how it differs from simple diffusion. [3]

b) Discuss the role and mechanism of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining cellular homeostasis. [4]

a) Explain the process of osmosis and discuss its significance in maintaining water balance in cells. [3]

b) Describe the process of receptor-mediated endocytosis and discuss its role in nutrient uptake. [4]

a) Discuss the kinetic energy of molecules in relation to the process of diffusion. How does temperature influence this process? [3]

b) Define water potential and explain its role in osmosis, particularly in plant cells. [3]

c) Describe the mechanism of cotransport in cells and explain how energy derived from ATP is utilised in this process. [4]

a) Explain the principle of equilibrium in the context of diffusion. How does the concentration gradient affect the attainment of equilibrium? [3]

b) Discuss the role of proton pumps in maintaining cellular pH and electrochemical gradient. [4]

c) Describe the process of pinocytosis and explain its significance in cellular nutrient uptake. [3]

What is the primary factor affecting the rate of diffusion?

A. Temperature
B. Particle size
C. Concentration gradient
D. Membrane thickness

What is the role of turgor pressure in plant cells?

A. Causing the cell to shrink
B. Maintaining cell shape and rigidity
C. Facilitating diffusion
D. Transporting ions

Which of the following processes requires energy from ATP?

A. Diffusion
B. Facilitated diffusion
C. Osmosis
D. Sodium-potassium pump

Which of the following is true regarding receptor-mediated endocytosis?

A. It is non-specific
B. It does not involve vesicles
C. It is specific and involves receptors
D. It is used for ingesting bacteria

In which situation will water potential be the highest?

A. In a hypertonic solution
B. In a hypotonic solution
C. In an isotonic solution
D. In a solution with a high solute concentration

a) Discuss the factors affecting the rate of diffusion and explain how each factor influences the process. [4]

b) Define turgor pressure in plant cells and explain its relationship with osmotic pressure and water potential. [3]

c) Discuss the role of receptor-mediated endocytosis in the immune response. [3]

a) Explain how facilitated diffusion differs from active transport in terms of energy requirement and direction of transport. [3]

b) Describe the adaptations of animal cells in hypertonic and hypotonic solutions to maintain osmotic balance. [4]

c) Discuss the process of phagocytosis and its role in the immune response of an organism. [3]

a) Explain the amphipathic nature of phospholipids and how this property contributes to the formation of the lipid bilayer in cell membranes. [3]

b) Discuss the various functions of integral and peripheral proteins in the cell membrane, including transport and enzyme activity. [4]

c) Describe the role of membrane fluidity and stability in the functioning of animal cells, especially at different temperatures. [3]

d) Explain the process and significance of receptor-mediated endocytosis in nutrient uptake. [4]

a) Define and explain the concept of kinetic energy in the context of molecular movement and diffusion. [3]

b) Discuss the role of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining cellular homeostasis and describe how energy from ATP is utilised in this process. [4]

c) Explain the process of osmosis and its implications for animal and plant cells in hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions. [4]

d) Describe the mechanism and role of phagocytosis in the immune response of an organism. [3]

a) Discuss the factors affecting the rate of diffusion through the cell membrane and their implications for cellular transport. [4]

b) Define water potential and turgor pressure, and explain their significance in osmosis in plant cells. [3]

c) Describe the process of cotransport in the cell membrane and discuss how it contributes to the uptake of nutrients. [3]

d) Explain the process of exocytosis and discuss its role in neurotransmitter release and the secretion of digestive enzymes. [4]