Which phase of mitosis is characterised by the alignment of chromosomes at the equator of the cell?

A. Prophase

B. Metaphase

C. Anaphase

D. Telophase

What is the primary role of cyclins and CDKs in cell cycle regulation?

A. DNA replication

B. Formation of the cleavage furrow

C. Control of cell cycle checkpoints

D. Packaging of DNA

Which process is distinct between animal and plant cell cytokinesis?

A. Formation of the cleavage furrow

B. Alignment of chromosomes

C. DNA replication

D. Control of cell cycle checkpoints

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

A. G1 phase

B. S phase

C. G2 phase

D. M phase

Which of the following is a source of mutagens that can lead to the activation of oncogenes?

A. Ultraviolet light

B. Cyclins

C. Homologous chromosomes

D. Cell plate

a) Explain the significance of each phase in mitosis in maintaining chromosome number. [4]

b) Discuss the structure and packaging of DNA within a cell and how this relates to homologous chromosomes and the human karyotype. [4]

a) Discuss the differences in the process of cytokinesis between animal cells (cleavage furrow) and plant cells (cell plate). [3]

b) Explain the role of cytokinesis in creating two new cells and its significance in cell division. [3]

a) Outline the G1, S, and G2 phases of the cell cycle and discuss their role in preparing a cell for mitosis. [4]

b) Discuss the sources of mutagens and provide examples of oncogenes, explaining their role in the process of metastasis in cancer spread. [4]

a) Discuss the role of checkpoints in the cell cycle and how they interact with CDKs to control cell cycle progression. [3]

b) Explain the phases of meiosis and their significance in sexual reproduction. [3]

c) Describe the Miller-Urey experiment and its implications for the origin of life. [3]

a) Discuss the RNA world hypothesis and how it proposes the emergence of metabolism-first cells. [3]

b) Explain the significance of mitochondria and chloroplasts having their own DNA and the implications for eukaryotic evolution. [4]

c) Describe the structure of homologous chromosomes and how they contribute to genetic diversity. [3]

What is the significance of homologous chromosomes in cell division?

A. They regulate the cell cycle

B. They ensure genetic diversity through independent assortment and crossing over

C. They form the cleavage furrow

D. They replicate DNA

Which of the following best describes the role of the G1, S, and G2 phases in the cell cycle?

A. Chromosome alignment

B. DNA replication and preparation for mitosis

C. Formation of the cell plate

D. Activation of oncogenes

How do the structure and packaging of DNA contribute to the maintenance of chromosome number during cell division?

A. By controlling cell cycle checkpoints

B. By ensuring accurate segregation of chromosomes

C. By forming the cleavage furrow

D. By activating oncogenes

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of the anaphase of mitosis?

A. Alignment of chromosomes at the equator

B. Replication of DNA

C. Separation of sister chromatids

D. Formation of the nuclear envelope

What is the role of the cleavage furrow in animal cell cytokinesis?

A. DNA replication

B. Control of cell cycle checkpoints

C. Separation of the two new cells

D. Activation of oncogenes

a) Explain the role of cyclins in cell cycle regulation and their interaction with CDKs. [3]

b) Discuss the process of metastasis in cancer spread and the role of oncogenes in this process. [3]

c) Describe the significance of each phase in mitosis in maintaining chromosome number across generations. [3]

a) Discuss the structure and packaging of DNA within a cell and its significance in the formation of human karyotype. [3]

b) Explain the differences in cytokinesis between animal and plant cells and its role in creating two new cells. [3]

c) Describe the Miller-Urey experiment and discuss the RNA world hypothesis in the context of the origin of life. [3]

a) Describe the phases of mitosis and explain their significance in maintaining chromosome number during cell division. [4]

b) Discuss the structure and role of homologous chromosomes in genetic diversity. [3]

c) Explain the RNA world hypothesis and its implications for the emergence of metabolism-first cells. [3]

d) Discuss the differences in the process of cytokinesis between animal and plant cells. [3]

a) Discuss the G1, S, and G2 phases of the cell cycle and their role in preparing the cell for mitosis. [4]

b) Explain the role of cyclins and CDKs in regulating the cell cycle and ensuring progression through cell cycle checkpoints. [4]

c) Describe the sources of mutagens and provide examples of oncogenes involved in the development of cancer. [3]

d) Discuss the evidence supporting the endosymbiotic theory, focusing on mitochondria and chloroplasts having their own DNA. [3]

a) Explain the significance of each phase in meiosis for sexual reproduction and genetic diversity. [4]

b) Discuss the Miller-Urey experiment and how it contributed to our understanding of the origin of life. [3]

c) Describe the role of turgor pressure in plant cells and how it is affected by hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions. [3]

d) Discuss the process of metastasis and its significance in the spread of cancer. [3]