Which bond is formed during the synthesis of polypeptides from amino acids?

A. Glycosidic bond

B. Peptide bond

C. Hydrogen bond

D. Ionic bond

What is the significance of the diversity of proteins in terms of amino acid sequence?

A. It limits the function of proteins.

B. It results in identical protein structures.

C. It contributes to the variety of structures and functions of proteins in organisms.

D. It reduces the complexity of organisms.

Which factor does NOT affect enzyme activity?

A. Light intensity

B. Temperature

C. pH level

D. Substrate concentration

What is the role of enzymes in metabolic reactions?

A. They slow down reactions.

B. They act as biological catalysts.

C. They consume energy.

D. They change the products of reactions.

Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins in organisms?

A. Energy storage

B. Hormonal regulation

C. Structural support

D. Transport of molecules

a) Describe the general structure of amino acids and explain how peptide bonds are formed through condensation reactions. [4]

b) Discuss the significance of the formation of polypeptides in protein synthesis. [3]

a) Explain the diversity of proteins in terms of amino acid sequence and its significance in the structure and function of organisms. [4]

b) Provide examples of structural proteins, hormones, antibodies, and receptors, and discuss their roles. [3]

a) Define enzymes and explain their function as biological catalysts. [3]

b) Discuss the concept of the active site and enzyme-substrate complex in enzymatic reactions. [4]

a) Elaborate on how the diversity of amino acid sequences contributes to the variety of functions that proteins perform in organisms. [4]

b) Discuss the role of structural proteins in organisms, providing examples. [3]

c) Explain how hormones, as a type of protein, regulate physiological processes. [3]

a) Describe the process of peptide bond formation and its significance in building polypeptides. [3]

b) Discuss the importance of the Calvin cycle in relation to glucose formation and carbon capture. [4]

c) Explain the role of enzymes in metabolism, focusing on the factors affecting enzyme activity. [3]

What is the function of the active site of an enzyme?

A. It binds to the product.

B. It inhibits the enzyme.

C. It binds to the substrate, forming an enzyme-substrate complex.

D. It repels the substrate.

Which of the following is an example of a structural protein?

A. Insulin

B. Collagen

C. Adrenaline

D. Amylase

How does a change in pH affect enzyme activity?

A. It alters the shape of the substrate.

B. It changes the energy of the reaction.

C. It can alter the shape of the enzyme and its active site.

D. It increases the concentration of the enzyme.

What is the role of antibodies in the immune system?

A. They act as hormones.

B. They provide structural support.

C. They bind to and neutralise foreign substances.

D. They catalyse metabolic reactions.

Which of the following is NOT true about amino acids?

A. They are the building blocks of proteins.

B. They all have the same general structure.

C. They form ionic bonds to create polypeptides.

D. Their sequence determines the structure and function of proteins.

a) Outline the applications of comparative genomics and functional genomics in personalised medicine and gene therapy. [4]

b) Discuss the significance of protein profiling and its applications in disease diagnosis and drug development. [3]

c) Explain the principles of mass spectrometry and 2D gel electrophoresis in studying proteins. [3]

a) Define bioinformatics and discuss its role in understanding biodiversity and evolutionary relationships. [3]

b) Explain the concept of whole genome sequencing and its applications in understanding disease mechanisms. [4]

c) Discuss the importance of data mining and the use of databases in bioinformatics. [3]

a) Describe the general structure of amino acids and explain how they combine to form polypeptides through peptide bond formation. [4]

b) Discuss the diversity and significance of proteins in organisms, providing examples of structural proteins and antibodies. [4]

c) Explain the concept of the active site in enzymes and how enzyme-substrate complexes are formed. [3]

d) Evaluate the impact of temperature and pH on enzyme activity, providing examples of enzymatic reactions. [4]

a) Outline the field of bioinformatics and its importance in understanding biodiversity and evolutionary relationships through data mining and sequence alignment. [4]

b) Discuss the applications and significance of whole genome sequencing and comparative genomics in personalised medicine and understanding disease mechanisms. [4]

c) Explain the principles and applications of protein profiling, mass spectrometry, and 2D gel electrophoresis in disease diagnosis and drug development. [4]

d) Evaluate the role of functional genomics in gene therapy and its potential impact on treating genetic disorders. [3]

a) Discuss the significance of peptide bond formation in protein synthesis and the role of condensation reactions in this process. [3]

b) Evaluate the diversity of proteins in terms of amino acid sequence and its implications on the structure and function of organisms, citing examples of receptors and hormones. [4]

c) Explain the function of enzymes as biological catalysts and discuss the factors affecting enzyme activity, with emphasis on substrate concentration. [4]

d) Describe the applications of bioinformatics in phylogenetic analysis and its importance in predicting diseases and understanding evolutionary relationships. [4]