Which enzyme is primarily responsible for synthesizing mRNA during transcription?

A. DNA Polymerase

B. RNA Polymerase

C. Helicase

D. Ligase

What is the role of tRNA during translation?

A. Carrying amino acids to the ribosome

B. Forming peptide bonds between amino acids

C. Unwinding the DNA double helix

D. Adding a poly-A tail to mRNA

Which of the following modifications occurs to mRNA before it leaves the nucleus?

A. Addition of introns

B. Removal of exons

C. Addition of a 5' cap and poly-A tail

D. Formation of peptide bonds

What is the significance of codon-anticodon pairing during translation?

A. It determines the start of transcription

B. It ensures the correct amino acid is added to the polypeptide chain

C. It adds a poly-A tail to mRNA

D. It forms the secondary structure of proteins

Which level of protein structure involves the formation of alpha helices and beta pleated sheets?

A. Primary

B. Secondary

C. Tertiary

D. Quaternary

a) Explain the role of RNA polymerase in transcription and how promoters influence this process. [3]

b) Discuss the significance of the addition of a poly-A tail and a 5' cap to mRNA. [3]

a) Describe the role of tRNA in translation and how codon-anticodon pairing is essential for this process. [3]

b) Explain the stages of initiation, elongation, and termination in translation. [4]

a) Discuss the formation of alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets in the secondary structure of proteins. [3]

b) Explain how interactions in tertiary structure contribute to the final conformation of a protein and its function. [4]

a) Describe the discovery of the DNA structure by Watson, Crick, Wilkins, and Franklin. [3]

b) Explain the importance of the antiparallel strands in the DNA double helix. [2]

c) Discuss the significance of DNA structure in information storage. [3]

a) Differentiate between DNA and RNA in terms of their sugar components. [2]

b) Discuss the role of mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA in protein synthesis. [4]

c) Why does RNA contain uracil instead of thymine? [2]

What is the role of the promoter region in transcription?

A. Terminating transcription

B. Initiating transcription by binding RNA polymerase

C. Adding a 5' cap to mRNA

D. Carrying amino acids to the ribosome

During which stage of translation are amino acids added to the growing polypeptide chain?

A. Initiation

B. Elongation

C. Termination

D. Splicing

What is the significance of the start and stop codons in protein synthesis?

A. They add a poly-A tail to mRNA

B. They form the tertiary structure of proteins

C. They signal the beginning and end of translation

D. They splice out introns from pre-mRNA

Which of the following is a modification made to pre-mRNA before it becomes mature mRNA?

A. Addition of exons

B. Splicing of introns

C. Formation of peptide bonds

D. Codon-anticodon pairing

What is the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis?

A. Synthesizing mRNA

B. Forming peptide bonds between amino acids

C. Adding a 5' cap to mRNA

D. Unwinding the DNA double helix

a) Describe the role of helicase in the process of DNA replication. [3]

b) Explain the concept of leading and lagging strands during replication. [3]

c) Discuss the significance of Okazaki fragments in DNA replication. [2]

a) Discuss the semi-conservative nature of DNA replication. [3]

b) Explain the significance of peptide bond formation in the primary structure of proteins. [3]

c) Describe the interactions that contribute to the tertiary structure of proteins. [3]

a) Explain the role of RNA polymerase in transcription and how it interacts with promoters. [3]

b) Discuss the process of splicing of introns and the addition of poly-A tail and 5' cap in mRNA. [4]

c) Describe the stages of initiation, elongation, and termination in translation. [4]

d) How does the structure of tRNA contribute to its function in protein synthesis? [3]

a) Discuss the differences between alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets in the secondary structure of proteins. [3]

b) Explain the significance of protein conformation in function and what happens during denaturation. [4]

c) How do the start and stop codons regulate translation? [3]

d) Discuss the significance of DNA replication being semi-conservative and its implications for cell division and inheritance. [4]

a) Explain the role of ribosomes and the significance of codon-anticodon pairing in translation. [3]

b) Discuss the role of helicase and DNA polymerase in DNA replication. [3]

c) How do the different types of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA) contribute to protein synthesis? [4]

d) Describe the interactions and assembly that contribute to the quaternary structure of proteins. [4]