During glycolysis, glucose is converted into:

A. Acetyl CoA

B. Pyruvate

C. Lactic Acid

D. Ethanol

Which molecule acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

A. Oxygen

B. NAD+

C. FAD

D. ATP

What is the primary function of the Krebs cycle?

A. ATP production

B. NADH and FADH2 production

C. Pyruvate breakdown

D. Glucose synthesis

In which part of the cell does glycolysis occur?

A. Mitochondria

B. Cytoplasm

C. Nucleus

D. Ribosome

What is the net ATP yield from one molecule of glucose during glycolysis?

A. 2 ATP

B. 4 ATP

C. 36 ATP

D. 38 ATP

a) Outline the process of glycolysis and explain its significance in energy production in the absence of oxygen. [4]

b) Differentiate between lactic acid fermentation in muscle cells and alcohol fermentation in yeast. [3]

a) Describe the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and its importance in the Krebs cycle. [3]

b) Explain the role of NADH and FADH2 in the electron transport chain. [4]

a) Discuss the stages of the Krebs cycle and its significance in energy provision. [4]

b) How does chemiosmosis contribute to ATP yield during oxidative phosphorylation? [3]

a) Explain the role of RNA polymerase in transcription and how it interacts with promoters. [3]

b) Discuss the significance of the addition of a poly-A tail and a 5' cap to mRNA. [3]

c) How does splicing of introns contribute to the diversity of proteins? [3]

a) Describe the role of ribosomes in translation. [3]

b) Explain the concept of codon-anticodon pairing and its significance in protein synthesis. [4]

c) Discuss the stages of initiation, elongation, and termination in translation. [4]

Which process occurs in the absence of oxygen and results in the formation of lactic acid?

A. Glycolysis

B. Krebs cycle

C. Lactic acid fermentation

D. Oxidative phosphorylation

What is the role of NADH and FADH2 in cell respiration?

A. They act as electron carriers to the electron transport chain.

B. They directly synthesize ATP.

C. They break down glucose.

D. They form the structure of ATP synthase.

During which stage of cell respiration is the majority of ATP produced?

A. Glycolysis

B. Krebs cycle

C. Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

D. Lactic acid fermentation

What happens to pyruvate in the presence of oxygen?

A. It forms lactic acid.

B. It is converted to acetyl CoA.

C. It undergoes alcohol fermentation.

D. It synthesizes glucose.

Which of the following processes produces ATP, NADH, and CO2?

A. Glycolysis

B. Krebs cycle

C. Electron transport chain

D. Lactic acid fermentation

a) Outline the process of oxidative phosphorylation and its role in ATP production. [4]

b) How does the structure of the mitochondrion facilitate the process of cell respiration? [3]

c) Discuss the significance of the semi-conservative nature of DNA replication. [4]

a) Discuss the role of helicase and DNA polymerase in DNA replication. [3]

b) Explain the concept of leading and lagging strands and the formation of Okazaki fragments. [4]

c) How does the structure of DNA contribute to its function in information storage? [4]

a) Explain the process of glycolysis and its significance in energy production in the absence of oxygen. [4]

b) Describe lactic acid fermentation in muscle cells and alcohol fermentation in yeast. How do these processes differ? [4]

c) Discuss the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and its role in the Krebs cycle. [3]

d) How does the electron transport chain contribute to ATP yield during cell respiration? [4]

a) Outline the stages of the Krebs cycle and explain its significance in energy provision. [4]

b) Discuss the role of NADH and FADH2 in cell respiration. [3]

c) How do alpha helices and beta pleated sheets contribute to the secondary structure of proteins? [4]

d) Explain the significance of protein conformation in function and the impact of denaturation. [4]

a) Describe the role of chemiosmosis in oxidative phosphorylation. [4]

b) How does the structure of ATP relate to its function as the energy currency of the cell? [3]

c) Discuss the interactions that contribute to the tertiary structure of proteins. [4]

d) Explain the significance of subunit assembly in the quaternary structure of proteins and provide an example. [4]