1. Tectonic Processes and Hazards1.1 Global Distribution of Tectonic Hazards0/01.1.1 Global Patterns of Earthquakes, Volcanoes and Tsunamis1.1.2 Plate Boundaries and Tectonic Settings1.1.3 Intra-plate Activity and Hotspot Volcanoes1.2 Theoretical Frameworks for Plate Movement0/01.2.1 The Plate Tectonics Theory and Its Mechanisms1.2.2 Plate Margin Processes and Characteristics1.2.3 Factors Influencing Eruption and Earthquake Magnitude1.3 Physical Processes Behind Tectonic Hazards0/01.3.1 Earthquake Hazards and Secondary Effects1.3.2 Volcanic Hazards and Their Secondary Effects1.3.3 Causes and Mechanisms of Tsunamis1.4 Hazard, Vulnerability and Disaster0/01.4.1 Defining Natural Hazards, Disasters and Risk1.4.2 The Pressure and Release Model1.4.3 Social and Economic Impacts in Different Locations1.5 Understanding Hazard Profiles0/01.5.1 Measuring Magnitude and Intensity of Hazards1.5.2 Comparing Characteristics of Tectonic Hazards1.5.3 Hazard Profiles and Impact Severity1.6 Development, Governance and Vulnerability0/01.6.1 Inequality and Vulnerability to Tectonic Hazards1.6.2 Governance and Geographical Factors1.6.3 Contrasting Case Studies of Disaster Impacts1.7 Trends and Patterns in Tectonic Disasters0/01.7.1 Long-Term Trends in Tectonic Disasters1.7.2 Mega-Disasters and Global Impacts1.7.3 Multiple-Hazard Zones1.8 Predicting and Managing Tectonic Hazards0/01.8.1 Forecasting and Predicting Tectonic Events1.8.2 The Hazard Management Cycle1.8.3 Park’s Model and Disaster Response1.9 Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies0/01.9.1 Strategies to Modify the Event1.9.2 Strategies to Reduce Vulnerability and Increase Resilience1.9.3 Strategies to Modify Loss1. Tectonic Processes and Hazards1.1 Global Distribution of Tectonic Hazards0/01.1.1 Global Patterns of Earthquakes, Volcanoes and Tsunamis1.1.2 Plate Boundaries and Tectonic Settings1.1.3 Intra-plate Activity and Hotspot Volcanoes1.2 Theoretical Frameworks for Plate Movement0/01.2.1 The Plate Tectonics Theory and Its Mechanisms1.2.2 Plate Margin Processes and Characteristics1.2.3 Factors Influencing Eruption and Earthquake Magnitude1.3 Physical Processes Behind Tectonic Hazards0/01.3.1 Earthquake Hazards and Secondary Effects1.3.2 Volcanic Hazards and Their Secondary Effects1.3.3 Causes and Mechanisms of Tsunamis1.4 Hazard, Vulnerability and Disaster0/01.4.1 Defining Natural Hazards, Disasters and Risk1.4.2 The Pressure and Release Model1.4.3 Social and Economic Impacts in Different Locations1.5 Understanding Hazard Profiles0/01.5.1 Measuring Magnitude and Intensity of Hazards1.5.2 Comparing Characteristics of Tectonic Hazards1.5.3 Hazard Profiles and Impact Severity1.6 Development, Governance and Vulnerability0/01.6.1 Inequality and Vulnerability to Tectonic Hazards1.6.2 Governance and Geographical Factors1.6.3 Contrasting Case Studies of Disaster Impacts1.7 Trends and Patterns in Tectonic Disasters0/01.7.1 Long-Term Trends in Tectonic Disasters1.7.2 Mega-Disasters and Global Impacts1.7.3 Multiple-Hazard Zones1.8 Predicting and Managing Tectonic Hazards0/01.8.1 Forecasting and Predicting Tectonic Events1.8.2 The Hazard Management Cycle1.8.3 Park’s Model and Disaster Response1.9 Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies0/01.9.1 Strategies to Modify the Event1.9.2 Strategies to Reduce Vulnerability and Increase Resilience1.9.3 Strategies to Modify Loss2A / B. Landscape Systems, Processes and ChangePremium2.1 Climate Change Over Geological Time (Glaciated Landscapes and Change)0/02.1.1 Chronology of Glacial and Interglacial Periods2.1.2 Factors Driving Climate Change from the Pleistocene to Anthropocene2.2 Ice Cover Distribution: Past and Present (Glaciated Landscapes and Change)0/02.2.1 Classification and Role of the Cryosphere2.2.2 Distribution of Ice Sheets and Glaciated Landscapes2.3 Periglacial Processes and Landforms (Glaciated Landscapes and Change)0/02.3.1 Distribution and Characteristics of Periglacial Landscapes2.3.2 Periglacial Processes Shaping Landscapes2.3.3 Formation of Distinctive Periglacial Landforms2.4 Glacial Mass Balance and Systems (Glaciated Landscapes and Change)0/02.4.1 Understanding Glacial Mass Balance2.4.2 Processes of Accumulation and Ablation2.4.3 Variations in Accumulation and Ablation Rates2.5 Glacial Movement Processes and Rates (Glaciated Landscapes and Change)0/02.5.1 Differences Between Polar and Temperate Glaciers2.5.2 Processes Driving Glacial Movement2.5.3 Factors Controlling Movement Rates2.6 Glacier Landform Systems and Landscapes (Glaciated Landscapes and Change)0/02.6.1 Glacial Processes of Landscape Alteration2.6.2 Landform Development at Different Scales2.6.3 Glacial Landscapes and Ice Extent2.7 Erosional Landforms in Glaciated Landscapes (Glaciated Landscapes and Change)0/02.7.1 Erosional Processes in Glacial Environments2.7.2 Cirque and Valley Glacier Landforms2.7.3 Ice Sheet Scouring and Geological Influence2.8 Depositional Landforms in Glaciated Landscapes (Glaciated Landscapes and Change)0/02.8.1 Formation of Ice-Contact Depositional Features2.8.2 Formation of Lowland Depositional Features2.8.3 Reconstructing Ice Extent Using Landform Assemblages2.9 Role of Glacial Meltwater (Glaciated Landscapes and Change)0/02.9.1 Water Movement in Glacial Systems2.9.2 Characteristics of Glacial and Fluvio-Glacial Deposits2.9.3 Formation of Fluvio-Glacial Landforms2.10 Value of Glacial and Periglacial Landscapes (Glaciated Landscapes and Change)0/02.10.1 Environmental and Cultural Importance2.10.2 Economic Importance of Glaciated Landscapes2.10.3 Ecological Importance and Natural Systems2.11 Threats to Glaciated Upland Landscapes (Glaciated Landscapes and Change)0/02.11.1 Natural and Human Threats to Glaciated Areas2.11.2 Human Impacts on Fragile Glacial Ecosystems2.11.3 Climate Change and the Hydrological Cycle2.12 Management of Glaciated Landscapes (Glaciated Landscapes and Change)0/02.12.1 Management Approaches and Stakeholders2.12.2 Legislative Frameworks for Protection2.12.3 Management Challenges in a Changing Climate2.13 Coastal Zones and Landscape Diversity (Coastal Landscapes and Change)0/02.13.1 The Littoral Zone and Coastal Types2.13.2 Coastal Classification Systems2.13.3 Coastal Landscape Types and Energy2.14 Geological Structure and Coastal Morphology (Coastal Landscapes and Change)0/02.14.1 Concordant and Discordant Coasts2.14.2 Coastal Morphology and Landform Types2.14.3 Structural Controls on Erosion and Landform2.15 Coastal Recession and Stability (Coastal Landscapes and Change)0/02.15.1 Lithology and Rates of Recession2.15.2 Cliff Profiles and Differential Erosion2.15.3 Role of Vegetation in Coastal Stability2.16 Marine Erosion and Coastal Landforms (Coastal Landscapes and Change)0/02.16.1 Wave Types and Beach Morphology2.16.2 Coastal Erosion Processes2.16.3 Landforms Created by Marine Erosion2.17 Sediment Transport and Coastal Deposition (Coastal Landscapes and Change)0/02.17.1 Longshore Drift and Sediment Movement2.17.2 Coastal Deposition and Landform Development2.17.3 Sediment Cells and Dynamic Equilibrium2.18 Subaerial Processes and Coastal Landforms (Coastal Landscapes and Change)0/02.18.1 Weathering and Sediment Production2.18.2 Types of Coastal Mass Movement2.18.3 Landforms Created by Mass Movement2.19 Sea Level Change and Coastal Impact (Coastal Landscapes and Change)0/02.19.1 Causes of Sea Level Change2.19.2 Emergent and Submergent Coastlines2.19.3 Contemporary Sea Level Change Risks2.20 Rapid Coastal Retreat and Threats (Coastal Landscapes and Change)0/02.20.1 Physical and Human Drivers of Coastal Recession2.20.2 Influence of Subaerial Processes2.20.3 Temporal Variations in Recession Rates2.21 Coastal Flooding Risks (Coastal Landscapes and Change)0/02.21.1 Local and Global Flooding Risk Factors2.21.2 Impacts of Storm Surges2.21.3 Climate Change and Future Flood Risk2.22 Consequences of Coastal Recession and Flooding (Coastal Landscapes and Change)0/02.22.1 Economic and Social Losses from Recession2.22.2 Coastal Flooding and Community Impact2.22.3 Environmental Refugees and Climate Change2.23 Managing Coastal Recession and Flooding (Coastal Landscapes and Change)0/02.23.1 Hard Engineering Approaches2.23.2 Soft Engineering Approaches2.23.3 Sustainability and Future Challenges2.24 Integrated Coastal Zone Management (Coastal Landscapes and Change)0/02.24.1 Littoral Cells and Holistic Management 2.24.2 Shoreline Management Strategies2.24.3 Conflict Between Players in ICZM2A / B. Landscape Systems, Processes and ChangePremium2.1 Climate Change Over Geological Time (Glaciated Landscapes and Change)0/02.1.1 Chronology of Glacial and Interglacial Periods2.1.2 Factors Driving Climate Change from the Pleistocene to Anthropocene2.2 Ice Cover Distribution: Past and Present (Glaciated Landscapes and Change)0/02.2.1 Classification and Role of the Cryosphere2.2.2 Distribution of Ice Sheets and Glaciated Landscapes2.3 Periglacial Processes and Landforms (Glaciated Landscapes and Change)0/02.3.1 Distribution and Characteristics of Periglacial Landscapes2.3.2 Periglacial Processes Shaping Landscapes2.3.3 Formation of Distinctive Periglacial Landforms2.4 Glacial Mass Balance and Systems (Glaciated Landscapes and Change)0/02.4.1 Understanding Glacial Mass Balance2.4.2 Processes of Accumulation and Ablation2.4.3 Variations in Accumulation and Ablation Rates2.5 Glacial Movement Processes and Rates (Glaciated Landscapes and Change)0/02.5.1 Differences Between Polar and Temperate Glaciers2.5.2 Processes Driving Glacial Movement2.5.3 Factors Controlling Movement Rates2.6 Glacier Landform Systems and Landscapes (Glaciated Landscapes and Change)0/02.6.1 Glacial Processes of Landscape Alteration2.6.2 Landform Development at Different Scales2.6.3 Glacial Landscapes and Ice Extent2.7 Erosional Landforms in Glaciated Landscapes (Glaciated Landscapes and Change)0/02.7.1 Erosional Processes in Glacial Environments2.7.2 Cirque and Valley Glacier Landforms2.7.3 Ice Sheet Scouring and Geological Influence2.8 Depositional Landforms in Glaciated Landscapes (Glaciated Landscapes and Change)0/02.8.1 Formation of Ice-Contact Depositional Features2.8.2 Formation of Lowland Depositional Features2.8.3 Reconstructing Ice Extent Using Landform Assemblages2.9 Role of Glacial Meltwater (Glaciated Landscapes and Change)0/02.9.1 Water Movement in Glacial Systems2.9.2 Characteristics of Glacial and Fluvio-Glacial Deposits2.9.3 Formation of Fluvio-Glacial Landforms2.10 Value of Glacial and Periglacial Landscapes (Glaciated Landscapes and Change)0/02.10.1 Environmental and Cultural Importance2.10.2 Economic Importance of Glaciated Landscapes2.10.3 Ecological Importance and Natural Systems2.11 Threats to Glaciated Upland Landscapes (Glaciated Landscapes and Change)0/02.11.1 Natural and Human Threats to Glaciated Areas2.11.2 Human Impacts on Fragile Glacial Ecosystems2.11.3 Climate Change and the Hydrological Cycle2.12 Management of Glaciated Landscapes (Glaciated Landscapes and Change)0/02.12.1 Management Approaches and Stakeholders2.12.2 Legislative Frameworks for Protection2.12.3 Management Challenges in a Changing Climate2.13 Coastal Zones and Landscape Diversity (Coastal Landscapes and Change)0/02.13.1 The Littoral Zone and Coastal Types2.13.2 Coastal Classification Systems2.13.3 Coastal Landscape Types and Energy2.14 Geological Structure and Coastal Morphology (Coastal Landscapes and Change)0/02.14.1 Concordant and Discordant Coasts2.14.2 Coastal Morphology and Landform Types2.14.3 Structural Controls on Erosion and Landform2.15 Coastal Recession and Stability (Coastal Landscapes and Change)0/02.15.1 Lithology and Rates of Recession2.15.2 Cliff Profiles and Differential Erosion2.15.3 Role of Vegetation in Coastal Stability2.16 Marine Erosion and Coastal Landforms (Coastal Landscapes and Change)0/02.16.1 Wave Types and Beach Morphology2.16.2 Coastal Erosion Processes2.16.3 Landforms Created by Marine Erosion2.17 Sediment Transport and Coastal Deposition (Coastal Landscapes and Change)0/02.17.1 Longshore Drift and Sediment Movement2.17.2 Coastal Deposition and Landform Development2.17.3 Sediment Cells and Dynamic Equilibrium2.18 Subaerial Processes and Coastal Landforms (Coastal Landscapes and Change)0/02.18.1 Weathering and Sediment Production2.18.2 Types of Coastal Mass Movement2.18.3 Landforms Created by Mass Movement2.19 Sea Level Change and Coastal Impact (Coastal Landscapes and Change)0/02.19.1 Causes of Sea Level Change2.19.2 Emergent and Submergent Coastlines2.19.3 Contemporary Sea Level Change Risks2.20 Rapid Coastal Retreat and Threats (Coastal Landscapes and Change)0/02.20.1 Physical and Human Drivers of Coastal Recession2.20.2 Influence of Subaerial Processes2.20.3 Temporal Variations in Recession Rates2.21 Coastal Flooding Risks (Coastal Landscapes and Change)0/02.21.1 Local and Global Flooding Risk Factors2.21.2 Impacts of Storm Surges2.21.3 Climate Change and Future Flood Risk2.22 Consequences of Coastal Recession and Flooding (Coastal Landscapes and Change)0/02.22.1 Economic and Social Losses from Recession2.22.2 Coastal Flooding and Community Impact2.22.3 Environmental Refugees and Climate Change2.23 Managing Coastal Recession and Flooding (Coastal Landscapes and Change)0/02.23.1 Hard Engineering Approaches2.23.2 Soft Engineering Approaches2.23.3 Sustainability and Future Challenges2.24 Integrated Coastal Zone Management (Coastal Landscapes and Change)0/02.24.1 Littoral Cells and Holistic Management 2.24.2 Shoreline Management Strategies2.24.3 Conflict Between Players in ICZM3. GlobalisationPremium3.1 Acceleration of Globalisation Through Connectivity0/03.1.1 Global Connections and Flows3.1.2 Technological Advancements in Transport3.1.3 ICT and Time-Space Compression3.2 Role of Political and Economic Decisions in Globalisation0/03.2.1 Global Institutions Promoting Globalisation3.2.2 Government Policies and Trade Blocs3.2.3 Policies to Attract Foreign Direct Investment3.3 Uneven Impacts of Globalisation0/03.3.1 Measuring Globalisation3.3.2 TNCs and Economic Integration3.3.3 Isolated Economies and Global Detachment3.4 Winners and Losers of the Global Shift0/03.4.1 Economic Shift Towards Asia3.4.2 Environmental Impacts in Developing Nations3.4.3 Impacts of Deindustrialisation in Developed Nations3.5 Economic Migration and Urban Growth0/03.5.1 Rural-Urban Migration and Megacities3.5.2 International Migration and Interdependence3.5.3 Costs and Benefits of Migration3.6 Cultural Globalisation and Change0/03.6.1 Cultural Diffusion and Western Influence3.6.2 Cultural Erosion and Environmental Impact3.6.3 Reactions to Globalisation3.7 Development and Inequality in a Globalised World0/03.7.1 Measuring Development and Environmental Quality3.7.2 Global and National Income Inequality3.7.3 Regional Variations in Development and Sustainability3.8 Tensions Arising from Globalisation0/03.8.1 Social and Cultural Tensions3.8.2 Attempts to Control Globalisation3.8.3 Cultural Identity and Resource Control3.9 Localism and Sustainability in a Globalised World0/03.9.1 Local Sourcing and Transition Towns3.9.2 Ethical Consumption and Fair Trade3.9.3 Recycling and Resource Management3. GlobalisationPremium3.1 Acceleration of Globalisation Through Connectivity0/03.1.1 Global Connections and Flows3.1.2 Technological Advancements in Transport3.1.3 ICT and Time-Space Compression3.2 Role of Political and Economic Decisions in Globalisation0/03.2.1 Global Institutions Promoting Globalisation3.2.2 Government Policies and Trade Blocs3.2.3 Policies to Attract Foreign Direct Investment3.3 Uneven Impacts of Globalisation0/03.3.1 Measuring Globalisation3.3.2 TNCs and Economic Integration3.3.3 Isolated Economies and Global Detachment3.4 Winners and Losers of the Global Shift0/03.4.1 Economic Shift Towards Asia3.4.2 Environmental Impacts in Developing Nations3.4.3 Impacts of Deindustrialisation in Developed Nations3.5 Economic Migration and Urban Growth0/03.5.1 Rural-Urban Migration and Megacities3.5.2 International Migration and Interdependence3.5.3 Costs and Benefits of Migration3.6 Cultural Globalisation and Change0/03.6.1 Cultural Diffusion and Western Influence3.6.2 Cultural Erosion and Environmental Impact3.6.3 Reactions to Globalisation3.7 Development and Inequality in a Globalised World0/03.7.1 Measuring Development and Environmental Quality3.7.2 Global and National Income Inequality3.7.3 Regional Variations in Development and Sustainability3.8 Tensions Arising from Globalisation0/03.8.1 Social and Cultural Tensions3.8.2 Attempts to Control Globalisation3.8.3 Cultural Identity and Resource Control3.9 Localism and Sustainability in a Globalised World0/03.9.1 Local Sourcing and Transition Towns3.9.2 Ethical Consumption and Fair Trade3.9.3 Recycling and Resource Management4A / B. Shaping PlacesPremium4.1 Economic Classifications and Spatial Variations (Regenerating Places)0/04.1.1 Classifying Economic Activity4.1.2 Economic and Social Variations Between Places4.1.3 Pay Inequality and Quality of Life4.2 Changing Place Functions and Characteristics Over Time (Regenerating Places)0/04.2.1 Changes in Place Functions and Demographics4.2.2 Causes of Change in Places4.2.3 Measuring Place Change4.3 Influence of Past and Present Connections (Regenerating Places)0/04.3.1 External Influences on Place Characteristics4.3.2 Representations of Place4.3.3 Personal Experiences of Place4.4 Economic and Social Inequality (Regenerating Places)0/04.4.1 Success and Inequality in Growing Regions4.4.2 Deprivation in Declining Regions4.4.3 Perceived Need for Regeneration4.5 Lived Experience and Engagement with Place (Regenerating Places)0/04.5.1 Variations in Community Engagement4.5.2 Factors Influencing Attachment and Engagement4.5.3 Community Conflict and Regeneration4.6 Evaluating Regeneration Needs (Regenerating Places)0/04.6.1 Statistical Evidence for Regeneration4.6.2 Media Representations of Need4.6.3 Influence of Representation on Regeneration Perception4.7 Role of UK Government Policy in Regeneration (Regenerating Places)0/04.7.1 Infrastructure Investment4.7.2 Planning and Development Policies4.7.3 Government Policy on Migration and Capital Markets4.8 Local Government and Regeneration Strategies (Regenerating Places)0/04.8.1 Promoting Business and Investment4.8.2 Local Interest Groups and Conflicts4.8.3 Urban and Rural Regeneration Strategies4.9 Rebranding and Perception Change (Regenerating Places)0/04.9.1 Rebranding to Attract Investment4.9.2 Urban Rebranding Strategies4.9.3 Rural Rebranding Strategies4.10 Assessing Success of Regeneration (Regenerating Places)0/04.10.1 Economic Measures of Success4.10.2 Social Progress Indicators4.10.3 Environmental Improvements4.11 Urban Stakeholder Perspectives on Regeneration (Regenerating Places)0/04.11.1 Urban Regeneration Strategy and Controversy4.11.2 Assessing Urban Change4.11.3 Contrasting Stakeholder Views4.12 Rural Stakeholder Perspectives on Regeneration (Regenerating Places)0/04.12.1 Rural Restructuring and Community Reactions4.12.2 Measuring Rural Change4.12.3 Stakeholder Views and Lived Experience4.13 Population Structure Over Time and Space (Diverse Places)0/04.13.1 Uneven Population Growth in the UK4.13.2 Variation Along the Rural-Urban Continuum4.13.3 Causes of Population Dynamics4.14 Population Characteristics and Cultural Diversity (Diverse Places)0/04.14.1 Gender and Ethnic Variation4.14.2 Explaining Cultural Diversity4.14.3 Changing Cultural Characteristics4.15 Connections and Characteristics of Places (Diverse Places)0/04.15.1 External Influences on Chosen Places4.15.2 Contrasting Representations of Place4.15.3 How People Experience Changing Places4.16 Perceptions of Urban Places (Diverse Places)0/04.16.1 Changing Urban Perceptions4.16.2 Desirability and Reputation4.16.3 Suburban vs Inner-City Perceptions4.17 Perceptions of Rural Places (Diverse Places)0/04.17.1 Rural Idylls and Cultural Heritage4.17.2 Undesirable Rural Perceptions4.17.3 Different Rural Place Types4.18 Evaluating People's Views of Place (Diverse Places)0/04.18.1 Statistical Evaluation of Place Perceptions4.18.2 Media Representations of Place4.18.3 Influence of Representations on Perceptions4.19 Cultural and Social Diversity in the UK (Diverse Places)0/04.19.1 Internal Migration and Cultural Diversity4.19.2 International Migration and Historical Patterns4.19.3 Migration into Rural Areas4.20 Segregation and Living Spaces (Diverse Places)0/04.20.1 Causes of Segregation4.20.2 Cultural Expression in Urban Areas4.20.3 Changing Perceptions Across Generations4.21 Tensions and Conflict in Diverse Places (Diverse Places)0/04.21.1 Land Use Changes and Lived Experience4.21.2 Tensions Over Migration and Change4.21.3 Built Environment Changes and Hostility4.22 Measuring Management of Change (Diverse Places)0/04.22.1 Economic Indicators of Success4.22.2 Indicators of Social Progress4.22.3 Cultural Integration Indicators4.23 Assessing Change in Urban Areas (Diverse Places)0/04.23.1 Stakeholder Perspectives in Urban Areas4.23.2 Measuring Urban Change4.23.3 Contrasting Stakeholder Assessments4.24 Assessing Change in Rural Areas (Diverse Places)0/04.24.1 Stakeholder Perspectives in Rural Areas4.24.2 Measuring Rural Change4.24.3 Contrasting Criteria for Success4A / B. Shaping PlacesPremium4.1 Economic Classifications and Spatial Variations (Regenerating Places)0/04.1.1 Classifying Economic Activity4.1.2 Economic and Social Variations Between Places4.1.3 Pay Inequality and Quality of Life4.2 Changing Place Functions and Characteristics Over Time (Regenerating Places)0/04.2.1 Changes in Place Functions and Demographics4.2.2 Causes of Change in Places4.2.3 Measuring Place Change4.3 Influence of Past and Present Connections (Regenerating Places)0/04.3.1 External Influences on Place Characteristics4.3.2 Representations of Place4.3.3 Personal Experiences of Place4.4 Economic and Social Inequality (Regenerating Places)0/04.4.1 Success and Inequality in Growing Regions4.4.2 Deprivation in Declining Regions4.4.3 Perceived Need for Regeneration4.5 Lived Experience and Engagement with Place (Regenerating Places)0/04.5.1 Variations in Community Engagement4.5.2 Factors Influencing Attachment and Engagement4.5.3 Community Conflict and Regeneration4.6 Evaluating Regeneration Needs (Regenerating Places)0/04.6.1 Statistical Evidence for Regeneration4.6.2 Media Representations of Need4.6.3 Influence of Representation on Regeneration Perception4.7 Role of UK Government Policy in Regeneration (Regenerating Places)0/04.7.1 Infrastructure Investment4.7.2 Planning and Development Policies4.7.3 Government Policy on Migration and Capital Markets4.8 Local Government and Regeneration Strategies (Regenerating Places)0/04.8.1 Promoting Business and Investment4.8.2 Local Interest Groups and Conflicts4.8.3 Urban and Rural Regeneration Strategies4.9 Rebranding and Perception Change (Regenerating Places)0/04.9.1 Rebranding to Attract Investment4.9.2 Urban Rebranding Strategies4.9.3 Rural Rebranding Strategies4.10 Assessing Success of Regeneration (Regenerating Places)0/04.10.1 Economic Measures of Success4.10.2 Social Progress Indicators4.10.3 Environmental Improvements4.11 Urban Stakeholder Perspectives on Regeneration (Regenerating Places)0/04.11.1 Urban Regeneration Strategy and Controversy4.11.2 Assessing Urban Change4.11.3 Contrasting Stakeholder Views4.12 Rural Stakeholder Perspectives on Regeneration (Regenerating Places)0/04.12.1 Rural Restructuring and Community Reactions4.12.2 Measuring Rural Change4.12.3 Stakeholder Views and Lived Experience4.13 Population Structure Over Time and Space (Diverse Places)0/04.13.1 Uneven Population Growth in the UK4.13.2 Variation Along the Rural-Urban Continuum4.13.3 Causes of Population Dynamics4.14 Population Characteristics and Cultural Diversity (Diverse Places)0/04.14.1 Gender and Ethnic Variation4.14.2 Explaining Cultural Diversity4.14.3 Changing Cultural Characteristics4.15 Connections and Characteristics of Places (Diverse Places)0/04.15.1 External Influences on Chosen Places4.15.2 Contrasting Representations of Place4.15.3 How People Experience Changing Places4.16 Perceptions of Urban Places (Diverse Places)0/04.16.1 Changing Urban Perceptions4.16.2 Desirability and Reputation4.16.3 Suburban vs Inner-City Perceptions4.17 Perceptions of Rural Places (Diverse Places)0/04.17.1 Rural Idylls and Cultural Heritage4.17.2 Undesirable Rural Perceptions4.17.3 Different Rural Place Types4.18 Evaluating People's Views of Place (Diverse Places)0/04.18.1 Statistical Evaluation of Place Perceptions4.18.2 Media Representations of Place4.18.3 Influence of Representations on Perceptions4.19 Cultural and Social Diversity in the UK (Diverse Places)0/04.19.1 Internal Migration and Cultural Diversity4.19.2 International Migration and Historical Patterns4.19.3 Migration into Rural Areas4.20 Segregation and Living Spaces (Diverse Places)0/04.20.1 Causes of Segregation4.20.2 Cultural Expression in Urban Areas4.20.3 Changing Perceptions Across Generations4.21 Tensions and Conflict in Diverse Places (Diverse Places)0/04.21.1 Land Use Changes and Lived Experience4.21.2 Tensions Over Migration and Change4.21.3 Built Environment Changes and Hostility4.22 Measuring Management of Change (Diverse Places)0/04.22.1 Economic Indicators of Success4.22.2 Indicators of Social Progress4.22.3 Cultural Integration Indicators4.23 Assessing Change in Urban Areas (Diverse Places)0/04.23.1 Stakeholder Perspectives in Urban Areas4.23.2 Measuring Urban Change4.23.3 Contrasting Stakeholder Assessments4.24 Assessing Change in Rural Areas (Diverse Places)0/04.24.1 Stakeholder Perspectives in Rural Areas4.24.2 Measuring Rural Change4.24.3 Contrasting Criteria for Success5. The Water Cycle and Water InsecurityPremium5.1 The Global Hydrological Cycle0/05.1.1 Components and Drivers of the Global Hydrological Cycle5.1.2 Water Stores and Annual Fluxes5.1.3 Global Water Budget and Residence Times5.2 Drainage Basin Systems0/05.2.1 Processes within a Drainage Basin5.2.2 Physical Factors Influencing Drainage Basins5.2.3 Human Disruption of the Drainage Basin5.3 Water Budgets and River Regimes0/05.3.1 Local Water Budgets5.3.2 River Regimes and Climatic Influences5.3.3 Storm Hydrographs5.4 Hydrological Cycle Deficits0/05.4.1 Causes of Drought5.4.2 Human Contributions to Drought Risk5.4.3 Ecosystem Impacts of Drought5.5 Hydrological Cycle Surpluses0/05.5.1 Meteorological Causes of Flooding5.5.2 Human Exacerbation of Flood Risk5.5.3 Environmental and Socio-economic Flood Impacts5.6 Climate Change and the Hydrological Cycle0/05.6.1 Impacts on Inputs and Outputs5.6.2 Impacts on Stores and Flows5.6.3 Climate Uncertainty and Water Security5.7 Causes of Water Insecurity0/05.7.1 Supply and Demand Mismatch5.7.2 Physical and Human Causes5.7.3 Rising Demand and Pressures5.8 Consequences of Water Insecurity0/05.8.1 Scarcity, Economics and Pricing5.8.2 Impacts on Development and Wellbeing5.8.3 Water Conflicts and Players5.9 Managing Water Insecurity0/05.9.1 Hard Engineering Solutions5.9.2 Sustainable Management Approaches5.9.3 Integrated Water Management and Treaties5. The Water Cycle and Water InsecurityPremium5.1 The Global Hydrological Cycle0/05.1.1 Components and Drivers of the Global Hydrological Cycle5.1.2 Water Stores and Annual Fluxes5.1.3 Global Water Budget and Residence Times5.2 Drainage Basin Systems0/05.2.1 Processes within a Drainage Basin5.2.2 Physical Factors Influencing Drainage Basins5.2.3 Human Disruption of the Drainage Basin5.3 Water Budgets and River Regimes0/05.3.1 Local Water Budgets5.3.2 River Regimes and Climatic Influences5.3.3 Storm Hydrographs5.4 Hydrological Cycle Deficits0/05.4.1 Causes of Drought5.4.2 Human Contributions to Drought Risk5.4.3 Ecosystem Impacts of Drought5.5 Hydrological Cycle Surpluses0/05.5.1 Meteorological Causes of Flooding5.5.2 Human Exacerbation of Flood Risk5.5.3 Environmental and Socio-economic Flood Impacts5.6 Climate Change and the Hydrological Cycle0/05.6.1 Impacts on Inputs and Outputs5.6.2 Impacts on Stores and Flows5.6.3 Climate Uncertainty and Water Security5.7 Causes of Water Insecurity0/05.7.1 Supply and Demand Mismatch5.7.2 Physical and Human Causes5.7.3 Rising Demand and Pressures5.8 Consequences of Water Insecurity0/05.8.1 Scarcity, Economics and Pricing5.8.2 Impacts on Development and Wellbeing5.8.3 Water Conflicts and Players5.9 Managing Water Insecurity0/05.9.1 Hard Engineering Solutions5.9.2 Sustainable Management Approaches5.9.3 Integrated Water Management and Treaties6. The Carbon Cycle and Energy SecurityPremium6.1 Geological Carbon Stores and the Long-Term Cycle0/06.1.1 The Biogeochemical Carbon Cycle6.1.2 Geological Formation of Carbon Stores6.1.3 Weathering and Carbonate Rock Formation6.2 Biological Carbon Sequestration on Land and in Oceans0/06.2.1 Oceanic Carbon Sequestration6.2.2 Terrestrial Sequestration and Respiration6.2.3 Soil Carbon Storage and Decomposition6.3 Human Impact on the Balanced Carbon Cycle0/06.3.1 Atmospheric Carbon and the Greenhouse Effect6.3.2 Photosynthesis and Soil Carbon6.3.3 Fossil Fuels and Carbon Imbalance6.4 Energy Security and Fossil Fuel Dependence0/06.4.1 Energy Mix and Consumption6.4.2 Access and Consumption Factors6.4.3 Key Energy Players6.5 Fossil Fuel Supply and Unconventional Energy0/06.5.1 Global Mismatch of Supply and Demand6.5.2 Vulnerable Energy Pathways6.5.3 Unconventional Energy Resources6.6 Alternatives to Fossil Fuels0/06.6.1 Renewable and Recyclable Energy6.6.2 Biofuels and Their Impacts6.6.3 Radical Technologies6.7 Human Impacts on the Carbon and Water Cycles0/06.7.1 Land-Use Changes and Terrestrial Carbon Stores6.7.2 Ocean Acidification and Marine Ecosystems6.7.3 Climate Change and Forest Stress6.8 Human Wellbeing and Biogeochemical Cycle Degradation0/06.8.1 Forest Loss and Consumer Attitudes6.8.2 Temperature, Water Stores and Precipitation6.8.3 Threats to Ocean Health and Coastal Livelihoods6.9 Responses to Planetary Warming and Carbon Release0/06.9.1 Uncertain Carbon Future and Feedbacks6.9.2 Adaptation Strategies6.9.3 Mitigation and Global Cooperation6. The Carbon Cycle and Energy SecurityPremium6.1 Geological Carbon Stores and the Long-Term Cycle0/06.1.1 The Biogeochemical Carbon Cycle6.1.2 Geological Formation of Carbon Stores6.1.3 Weathering and Carbonate Rock Formation6.2 Biological Carbon Sequestration on Land and in Oceans0/06.2.1 Oceanic Carbon Sequestration6.2.2 Terrestrial Sequestration and Respiration6.2.3 Soil Carbon Storage and Decomposition6.3 Human Impact on the Balanced Carbon Cycle0/06.3.1 Atmospheric Carbon and the Greenhouse Effect6.3.2 Photosynthesis and Soil Carbon6.3.3 Fossil Fuels and Carbon Imbalance6.4 Energy Security and Fossil Fuel Dependence0/06.4.1 Energy Mix and Consumption6.4.2 Access and Consumption Factors6.4.3 Key Energy Players6.5 Fossil Fuel Supply and Unconventional Energy0/06.5.1 Global Mismatch of Supply and Demand6.5.2 Vulnerable Energy Pathways6.5.3 Unconventional Energy Resources6.6 Alternatives to Fossil Fuels0/06.6.1 Renewable and Recyclable Energy6.6.2 Biofuels and Their Impacts6.6.3 Radical Technologies6.7 Human Impacts on the Carbon and Water Cycles0/06.7.1 Land-Use Changes and Terrestrial Carbon Stores6.7.2 Ocean Acidification and Marine Ecosystems6.7.3 Climate Change and Forest Stress6.8 Human Wellbeing and Biogeochemical Cycle Degradation0/06.8.1 Forest Loss and Consumer Attitudes6.8.2 Temperature, Water Stores and Precipitation6.8.3 Threats to Ocean Health and Coastal Livelihoods6.9 Responses to Planetary Warming and Carbon Release0/06.9.1 Uncertain Carbon Future and Feedbacks6.9.2 Adaptation Strategies6.9.3 Mitigation and Global Cooperation7. SuperpowersPremium7.1 Characteristics of Superpowers0/07.1.1 Defining Superpowers and Emerging Powers7.1.2 Mechanisms of Power: Hard and Soft7.1.3 Changing Importance of Power Characteristics7.2 Changing Patterns of Power0/07.2.1 Imperial Era and Colonial Control7.2.2 Neo-colonial and Indirect Control7.2.3 Stability and Risk in Power Structures7.3 Influence of Emerging Powers0/07.3.1 Role of BRICs and G207.3.2 Strengths and Weaknesses of Emerging Powers7.3.3 Development Theories and Global Power7.4 Superpowers in the Global Economy0/07.4.1 Control through Global IGOs7.4.2 TNCs and Global Economic Power7.4.3 Cultural Influence and Westernisation7.5 Global Decision Making by Superpowers0/07.5.1 Role in Global Crisis and Climate Action7.5.2 Importance of Alliances7.5.3 UN and Global Stability7.6 Superpowers and Environmental Concerns0/07.6.1 Resource Demands and Environmental Degradation7.6.2 Willingness to Address Climate Issues7.6.3 Middle-Class Growth and Resource Pressure7.7 Contesting Global Influence0/07.7.1 Resource Tensions and Ownership Disputes7.7.2 Intellectual Property and Trade Strain7.7.3 Political Spheres of Influence and Conflict7.8 Superpowers and Developing Nations0/07.8.1 Emerging Powers and the Developing World7.8.2 Regional Tensions and Rising Powers7.8.3 Middle East as a Geopolitical Flashpoint7.9 The Future of Superpower Influence0/07.9.1 Economic Challenges Facing Superpowers7.9.2 Cost of Global Military Power7.9.3 Uncertainty in Global Power Structures7. SuperpowersPremium7.1 Characteristics of Superpowers0/07.1.1 Defining Superpowers and Emerging Powers7.1.2 Mechanisms of Power: Hard and Soft7.1.3 Changing Importance of Power Characteristics7.2 Changing Patterns of Power0/07.2.1 Imperial Era and Colonial Control7.2.2 Neo-colonial and Indirect Control7.2.3 Stability and Risk in Power Structures7.3 Influence of Emerging Powers0/07.3.1 Role of BRICs and G207.3.2 Strengths and Weaknesses of Emerging Powers7.3.3 Development Theories and Global Power7.4 Superpowers in the Global Economy0/07.4.1 Control through Global IGOs7.4.2 TNCs and Global Economic Power7.4.3 Cultural Influence and Westernisation7.5 Global Decision Making by Superpowers0/07.5.1 Role in Global Crisis and Climate Action7.5.2 Importance of Alliances7.5.3 UN and Global Stability7.6 Superpowers and Environmental Concerns0/07.6.1 Resource Demands and Environmental Degradation7.6.2 Willingness to Address Climate Issues7.6.3 Middle-Class Growth and Resource Pressure7.7 Contesting Global Influence0/07.7.1 Resource Tensions and Ownership Disputes7.7.2 Intellectual Property and Trade Strain7.7.3 Political Spheres of Influence and Conflict7.8 Superpowers and Developing Nations0/07.8.1 Emerging Powers and the Developing World7.8.2 Regional Tensions and Rising Powers7.8.3 Middle East as a Geopolitical Flashpoint7.9 The Future of Superpower Influence0/07.9.1 Economic Challenges Facing Superpowers7.9.2 Cost of Global Military Power7.9.3 Uncertainty in Global Power Structures8A/B. Global Development and ConnectionsPremium8.1 Concepts of Human Development (Health, Human Rights and Intervention)0/08.1.1 Economic Measures and Contentment8.1.2 Alternative Development Goals8.1.3 Education and Human Rights8.2 Global Health and Life Expectancy (Health, Human Rights and Intervention)0/08.2.1 Health Challenges in Developing Countries8.2.2 Health Inequality in Developed Countries8.2.3 Intra-national Health Inequality8.3 Roles of Governments and IGOs (Health, Human Rights and Intervention)0/08.3.1 Social Progress and Development Models8.3.2 IGO Approaches to Development8.3.3 SDGs and Development Progress8.4 International Human Rights Law (Health, Human Rights and Intervention)0/08.4.1 Universal Declaration of Human Rights8.4.2 European Convention on Human Rights8.4.3 Geneva Convention and War Crimes8.5 National Human Rights Policies (Health, Human Rights and Intervention)0/08.5.1 Human Rights in Global Debate8.5.2 Transition to Democracy and Freedoms8.5.3 Corruption and Rule of Law8.6 Human Rights and Social Development Within States (Health, Human Rights and Intervention)0/08.6.1 Ethnic and Gender Inequality8.6.2 Social Development Outcomes8.6.3 Demands for Equality8.7 Geopolitical Interventions for Human Rights (Health, Human Rights and Intervention)0/08.7.1 Forms of Intervention8.7.2 Actors in Intervention8.7.3 Western Approaches to Rights and Sovereignty8.8 Development, Human Rights and Environmental Impacts (Health, Human Rights and Intervention)0/08.8.1 Forms of Development Aid8.8.2 Aid Impact and Criticisms8.8.3 Environmental and Cultural Harm8.9 Military Interventions and Human Rights (Health, Human Rights and Intervention)0/08.9.1 Strategic Interests vs Human Rights8.9.2 Controversial Military Aid8.9.3 War on Terror and Human Rights8.10 Measuring Success of Interventions (Health, Human Rights and Intervention)0/08.10.1 Indicators of Success8.10.2 Democratic Institutions and Freedoms8.10.3 Alternative Success Perspectives8.11 Effectiveness of Development Aid (Health, Human Rights and Intervention)0/08.11.1 Case Study Contrasts8.11.2 Inequality Outcomes8.11.3 Aid as Foreign Policy Tool8.12 Effectiveness of Military Interventions (Health, Human Rights and Intervention)0/08.12.1 Short- and Long-term Costs8.12.2 Non-military Alternatives8.12.3 Inaction and Global Consequences8.13 Migration and Globalisation (Migration, Identity and Sovereignty)0/08.13.1 Internal and International Migration Trends8.13.2 Variation in Migration Policies8.13.3 Changing Migration Patterns8.14 Causes of Migration (Migration, Identity and Sovereignty)0/08.14.1 Economic and Social Drivers8.14.2 Economic Theory and Border Liberalisation8.14.3 Labour Movement Within and Between States8.15 Consequences of Migration (Migration, Identity and Sovereignty)0/08.15.1 Cultural Impacts and Integration8.15.2 Political Tensions Over Migration8.15.3 Unequal Migration Opportunities8.16 Nation States and Sovereignty (Migration, Identity and Sovereignty)0/08.16.1 Ethnic and Cultural Unity in States8.16.2 Colonial Borders and Sovereignty Challenges8.16.3 Contested and Unrecognised Borders8.17 Nationalism and State Formation (Migration, Identity and Sovereignty)0/08.17.1 19th Century Imperial Nationalism8.17.2 Post-WWII Decolonisation8.17.3 Migration from Former Colonies8.18 Globalisation and State Forms (Migration, Identity and Sovereignty)0/08.18.1 Tax Havens and Expatriate Wealth8.18.2 Controversy over Tax Havens8.18.3 Inequality and Alternative Models8.19 Post-War Global Organisations (Migration, Identity and Sovereignty)0/08.19.1 Role of the United Nations8.19.2 UN Interventions and Outcomes8.19.3 Unilateral Military Interventions8.20 IGOs and Global Finance (Migration, Identity and Sovereignty)0/08.20.1 IMF, WTO and World Bank8.20.2 Impact on Developing Economies8.20.3 Rise of Regional Blocs8.21 Environmental IGOs and Governance (Migration, Identity and Sovereignty)0/08.21.1 Environmental Treaties and Protocols8.21.2 Oceans and River Management8.21.3 Antarctica as a Global Commons8.22 National Identity and Globalisation (Migration, Identity and Sovereignty)0/08.22.1 Nationalism and Institutions8.22.2 Historical Identity and Landscape8.22.3 Multinational States8.23 Globalisation and National Identity (Migration, Identity and Sovereignty)0/08.23.1 Foreign Ownership of Businesses8.23.2 Cultural Influence of Westernisation8.23.3 Foreign Ownership of Land and Property8.24 Disunity Within Nations (Migration, Identity and Sovereignty)0/08.24.1 Secessionist Movements8.24.2 Inequality in Emerging Powers8.24.3 Fragile States and Disunity8A/B. Global Development and ConnectionsPremium8.1 Concepts of Human Development (Health, Human Rights and Intervention)0/08.1.1 Economic Measures and Contentment8.1.2 Alternative Development Goals8.1.3 Education and Human Rights8.2 Global Health and Life Expectancy (Health, Human Rights and Intervention)0/08.2.1 Health Challenges in Developing Countries8.2.2 Health Inequality in Developed Countries8.2.3 Intra-national Health Inequality8.3 Roles of Governments and IGOs (Health, Human Rights and Intervention)0/08.3.1 Social Progress and Development Models8.3.2 IGO Approaches to Development8.3.3 SDGs and Development Progress8.4 International Human Rights Law (Health, Human Rights and Intervention)0/08.4.1 Universal Declaration of Human Rights8.4.2 European Convention on Human Rights8.4.3 Geneva Convention and War Crimes8.5 National Human Rights Policies (Health, Human Rights and Intervention)0/08.5.1 Human Rights in Global Debate8.5.2 Transition to Democracy and Freedoms8.5.3 Corruption and Rule of Law8.6 Human Rights and Social Development Within States (Health, Human Rights and Intervention)0/08.6.1 Ethnic and Gender Inequality8.6.2 Social Development Outcomes8.6.3 Demands for Equality8.7 Geopolitical Interventions for Human Rights (Health, Human Rights and Intervention)0/08.7.1 Forms of Intervention8.7.2 Actors in Intervention8.7.3 Western Approaches to Rights and Sovereignty8.8 Development, Human Rights and Environmental Impacts (Health, Human Rights and Intervention)0/08.8.1 Forms of Development Aid8.8.2 Aid Impact and Criticisms8.8.3 Environmental and Cultural Harm8.9 Military Interventions and Human Rights (Health, Human Rights and Intervention)0/08.9.1 Strategic Interests vs Human Rights8.9.2 Controversial Military Aid8.9.3 War on Terror and Human Rights8.10 Measuring Success of Interventions (Health, Human Rights and Intervention)0/08.10.1 Indicators of Success8.10.2 Democratic Institutions and Freedoms8.10.3 Alternative Success Perspectives8.11 Effectiveness of Development Aid (Health, Human Rights and Intervention)0/08.11.1 Case Study Contrasts8.11.2 Inequality Outcomes8.11.3 Aid as Foreign Policy Tool8.12 Effectiveness of Military Interventions (Health, Human Rights and Intervention)0/08.12.1 Short- and Long-term Costs8.12.2 Non-military Alternatives8.12.3 Inaction and Global Consequences8.13 Migration and Globalisation (Migration, Identity and Sovereignty)0/08.13.1 Internal and International Migration Trends8.13.2 Variation in Migration Policies8.13.3 Changing Migration Patterns8.14 Causes of Migration (Migration, Identity and Sovereignty)0/08.14.1 Economic and Social Drivers8.14.2 Economic Theory and Border Liberalisation8.14.3 Labour Movement Within and Between States8.15 Consequences of Migration (Migration, Identity and Sovereignty)0/08.15.1 Cultural Impacts and Integration8.15.2 Political Tensions Over Migration8.15.3 Unequal Migration Opportunities8.16 Nation States and Sovereignty (Migration, Identity and Sovereignty)0/08.16.1 Ethnic and Cultural Unity in States8.16.2 Colonial Borders and Sovereignty Challenges8.16.3 Contested and Unrecognised Borders8.17 Nationalism and State Formation (Migration, Identity and Sovereignty)0/08.17.1 19th Century Imperial Nationalism8.17.2 Post-WWII Decolonisation8.17.3 Migration from Former Colonies8.18 Globalisation and State Forms (Migration, Identity and Sovereignty)0/08.18.1 Tax Havens and Expatriate Wealth8.18.2 Controversy over Tax Havens8.18.3 Inequality and Alternative Models8.19 Post-War Global Organisations (Migration, Identity and Sovereignty)0/08.19.1 Role of the United Nations8.19.2 UN Interventions and Outcomes8.19.3 Unilateral Military Interventions8.20 IGOs and Global Finance (Migration, Identity and Sovereignty)0/08.20.1 IMF, WTO and World Bank8.20.2 Impact on Developing Economies8.20.3 Rise of Regional Blocs8.21 Environmental IGOs and Governance (Migration, Identity and Sovereignty)0/08.21.1 Environmental Treaties and Protocols8.21.2 Oceans and River Management8.21.3 Antarctica as a Global Commons8.22 National Identity and Globalisation (Migration, Identity and Sovereignty)0/08.22.1 Nationalism and Institutions8.22.2 Historical Identity and Landscape8.22.3 Multinational States8.23 Globalisation and National Identity (Migration, Identity and Sovereignty)0/08.23.1 Foreign Ownership of Businesses8.23.2 Cultural Influence of Westernisation8.23.3 Foreign Ownership of Land and Property8.24 Disunity Within Nations (Migration, Identity and Sovereignty)0/08.24.1 Secessionist Movements8.24.2 Inequality in Emerging Powers8.24.3 Fragile States and Disunity
