Which of the following is a significant cause of climate change?

A. Decreased greenhouse gas emissions

B. Land use change

C. Reduced carbon dioxide levels

D. Lowered methane concentrations

Why are carbon dioxide and water vapour considered major greenhouse gases?

A. They are less abundant in the atmosphere

B. They have low heat-trapping properties

C. They are significant contributors to the greenhouse effect

D. They cool the Earth's surface

How does methane compare to carbon dioxide in terms of its impact on climate change?

A. Methane has a lower global warming potential

B. Methane has a higher global warming potential

C. Methane does not contribute to global warming

D. Methane reduces the greenhouse effect

What is the primary role of the greenhouse effect in regulating temperature?

A. It decreases the Earth's surface temperature

B. It traps heat in the atmosphere, warming the Earth's surface

C. It reduces greenhouse gas concentrations

D. It enhances heat escape into space

Which human activity is a major contributor to increased carbon dioxide levels?

A. Afforestation

B. Use of renewable energy

C. Fossil fuel combustion

D. Waste reduction

a) Discuss the causes of climate change, focusing on the role of greenhouse gas emissions and land use change. [4]

b) Explain the significance of carbon dioxide and water vapour as major greenhouse gases and how they contribute to the greenhouse effect. [4]

a) Describe the role of methane and nitrogen oxides as greenhouse gases and discuss the factors influencing their impact on the atmosphere and climate. [4]

b) Outline the major human activities contributing to increased carbon dioxide levels and discuss their implications on climate change. [4]

a) Explain the greenhouse effect and how it plays a role in regulating the Earth’s temperature. [3]

b) Discuss strategies for mitigating and adapting to climate change, including reducing emissions, enhancing carbon sinks, and preparing for changes. [5]

a) Define biodiversity and explain why it is important for ecosystems. [3]

b) Discuss different measures of biodiversity, including species richness and evenness. [3]

c) Identify and explain the major threats to biodiversity, including habitat destruction and invasive species. [4]

a) Explain the concept of primary production and its significance in ecosystems. [3]

b) Discuss the role of decomposers in energy flow within ecosystems. [3]

c) Describe how energy limitations affect food chains and the length of food chains in ecosystems. [4]

What is a strategy for mitigating climate change by enhancing carbon sinks?

A. Deforestation

B. Increased fossil fuel use

C. Afforestation and reforestation

D. Emission increase

How do nitrogen oxides contribute to climate change?

A. By reducing the greenhouse effect

B. By acting as cooling agents

C. By having heat-trapping properties

D. By decreasing atmospheric temperature

What are the implications of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide on climate change?

A. Reduced global temperatures

B. Decreased greenhouse effect

C. Enhanced global warming

D. Lowered sea levels

Which of the following is not a strategy for adapting to climate change?

A. Reducing emissions

B. Enhancing carbon sinks

C. Preparing for changes in weather patterns

D. Developing heat-resistant crops

How does land use change, such as urbanisation, contribute to climate change?

A. By increasing albedo

B. By decreasing greenhouse gas emissions

C. By altering surface properties and affecting local climates

D. By enhancing carbon sequestration

a) Discuss the major nutrient cycles, including the water cycle and the nitrogen cycle, and their significance in ecosystems. [4]

b) Explain the role of autotrophs in converting carbon dioxide into carbohydrates. [3]

c) Discuss the impact of methane on the atmosphere and its accumulation, including its production by methanogenic archaeans in anaerobic conditions. [3]

a) Discuss the implications of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide on climate change. [3]

b) Outline the factors determining the length of food chains in ecosystems. [3]

c) Evaluate the effectiveness of different conservation strategies, including protected areas and sustainable use, in preserving biodiversity. [4]

a) Define the greenhouse effect and explain its role in regulating Earth's temperature. [3]

b) Identify and discuss the significance of carbon dioxide and water vapour as major greenhouse gases. [3]

c) Explain the factors that influence the impact of a greenhouse gas on the atmosphere and climate. [3]

d) Discuss the major human activities contributing to increased levels of greenhouse gases and their implications on climate change. [4]

a) Define biodiversity and discuss its importance in ecosystems. [3]

b) Outline the major threats to biodiversity, including overexploitation and climate change, and their impact on ecosystems. [4]

c) Explain different conservation strategies, including restoration and sustainable use, and assess their effectiveness in preserving biodiversity. [4]

d) Discuss the role of protected areas in conservation and how they contribute to maintaining biodiversity. [2]

a) Discuss the causes of climate change, focusing on greenhouse gas emissions and land use change. [3]

b) Explain the role of methane and nitrogen oxides as greenhouse gases and their influence on climate. [3]

c) Discuss strategies for mitigating climate change, including enhancing carbon sinks and reducing emissions. [4]

d) Evaluate the challenges and potential success of adapting to climate change through preparation for changes. [3]