What is the primary function of tRNA during translation?

A. Carrying the genetic code

B. Forming the structural component of ribosomes

C. Carrying specific amino acids to the ribosome

D. Unwinding the mRNA strand

Which part of the tRNA molecule binds to the mRNA codon?

A. Acceptor stem

B. Anticodon loop

C. D loop

D. TψC loop

During which stage of translation does the ribosome assemble at the start codon of the mRNA?

A. Initiation

B. Elongation

C. Termination

D. Translocation

What is the sequence of the start codon in mRNA that signals the beginning of translation?

A. UAA

B. UAG

C. AUG

D. UGA

Which component of the translation machinery reads the sequence of bases in mRNA to determine the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide?

A. Ribosome

B. tRNA

C. rRNA

D. Translation factors

a) Define translation and explain how the sequence of bases in mRNA determines the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide. [4]

b) Discuss the structure of tRNA, focusing on the anticodon loop and the acceptor stem, and explain their functions. [4]

a) Describe the role of ribosomes in translation and how they facilitate the interaction between mRNA and tRNA. [3]

b) Detail the process of initiation in translation, including the roles of various translation factors. [4]

a) Explain the elongation phase of translation, describing how amino acids are added to the growing polypeptide chain. [4]

b) Discuss the termination of translation, highlighting how the process concludes and the roles of release factors. [3]

a) Explain the significance of the start and stop codons in the translation process. [3]

b) Discuss the role of RNA polymerase in transcription and how it relates to translation. [4]

c) Describe how the accuracy of translation is maintained, ensuring that the correct amino acids are incorporated into the polypeptide chain. [3]

a) Discuss the differences between transcription and translation, focusing on their locations and outcomes. [3]

b) Describe the structure and function of the ribosome during translation. [4]

c) Explain how translation is regulated and why this regulation is essential for cellular function. [3]

What occurs during the elongation stage of translation?

A. Assembly of the ribosome at the start codon

B. Addition of amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain

C. Release of the completed polypeptide chain

D. Modification of the synthesised protein

Which of the following is a stop codon in mRNA?

A. AUG

B. UAA

C. GCU

D. CCA

What is the role of translation factors during translation?

A. Carrying amino acids to the ribosome

B. Facilitating the initiation, elongation, and termination stages

C. Forming the structural component of ribosomes

D. Coding for amino acids

Where does translation occur in eukaryotic cells?

A. Nucleus

B. Cytoplasm

C. Endoplasmic reticulum

D. Both B and C

What is the significance of the anticodon loop in tRNA?

A. It carries the amino acid to the ribosome

B. It binds to the mRNA codon

C. It forms the structure of the ribosome

D. It signals the termination of translation

a) Explain the role of tRNA in translation, focusing on its structure and function. [4]

b) Discuss the initiation stage of translation, including the formation of the initiation complex. [3]

c) Describe how elongation and termination in translation are interconnected and the significance of this connection. [3]

a) Describe the modifications that pre-mRNA undergoes before it is translated. [3]

b) Discuss the role of the A, P, and E sites of the ribosome during translation. [4]

c) Explain the significance of post-translational modifications and give examples. [3]

a) Define translation and explain how it utilises the information encoded in mRNA to synthesise proteins. [3]

b) Discuss the role and structure of tRNA, emphasising its function in bringing specific amino acids to the ribosome. [4]

c) Detail the initiation stage of translation, including the components involved and the formation of the initiation complex. [4]

d) Explain the significance of the elongation and termination stages in translation, and how they contribute to the accuracy and efficiency of protein synthesis. [3]

a) Explain the role of ribosomes in translation, focusing on their structure and function in polypeptide synthesis. [4]

b) Describe the process and significance of aminoacylation of tRNA molecules before translation. [3]

c) Discuss the elongation stage of translation, detailing how amino acids are added to the growing polypeptide chain. [4]

d) Describe the mechanisms involved in the termination of translation and the release of the newly synthesised polypeptide. [3]

a) Discuss the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation, highlighting the initiation process and ribosomal structure. [4]

b) Explain the role of various translation factors in the different stages of translation. [3]

c) Describe how the fidelity of translation is maintained, focusing on the proofreading capabilities of the ribosome. [3]

d) Discuss the importance of post-translational modifications in determining the final structure and function of proteins. [4]