Which structure in the heart acts as a natural pacemaker by initiating the heartbeat?

A. Atrioventricular node

B. Sinoatrial node

C. Purkinje fibres

D. Bundle of His

What is the primary function of valves in the heart and veins?

A. Oxygenate blood

B. Prevent backflow of blood

C. Exchange gases and nutrients

D. Pump blood

Which blood vessels have permeable walls that allow the exchange of materials between blood and tissues?

A. Arteries

B. Veins

C. Capillaries

D. Arterioles

Where does gas exchange occur in the pulmonary circulation?

A. Heart

B. Arteries

C. Lungs

D. Veins

Which component of blood is primarily responsible for oxygen transport?

A. Leukocytes

B. Platelets

C. Plasma

D. Erythrocytes

a) Outline the structure of the heart and explain how it functions as a double pump. [4]

b) Discuss the role of the sinoatrial node in initiating the heartbeat and its significance as the heart’s pacemaker. [3]

a) Describe the composition of blood and explain the function of each component. [4]

b) How do arteries maintain blood pressure between heartbeats, and why is this important? [3]

a) Explain the importance of capillary exchange for nutrient and gas exchange at the cellular level. [3]

b) Discuss the unique anatomy and physiology of pulmonary circulation and how it facilitates gas exchange. [4]

a) Describe the role of valves in the heart and veins in maintaining blood flow and preventing backflow. [3]

b) Explain the function of muscle cells and elastic fibres in arteries. [3]

c) How does the structure of capillaries allow for efficient exchange of materials between blood and tissues? [3]

a) Discuss the cardiac cycle, highlighting the role of valves and pacemaker cells. [4]

b) How does the anatomy of the pulmonary circulation facilitate gas exchange in the lungs? [3]

c) Explain the importance of the sinoatrial node in coordinating heart contractions. [2]

What is the role of elastic fibres in the walls of arteries?

A. Facilitate gas exchange

B. Maintain blood pressure between heartbeats

C. Prevent blood clotting

D. Initiate heartbeat

Which part of the cardiac cycle involves the relaxation and filling of the heart chambers?

A. Systole

B. Diastole

C. Ejection phase

D. Contraction phase

Which blood component is essential for blood clotting?

A. Erythrocytes

B. Leukocytes

C. Platelets

D. Plasma

What is the significance of the Rh factor in blood types?

A. Determines plasma composition

B. Influences blood pressure

C. Affects compatibility in blood transfusions

D. Alters heart rate

Which vessels carry blood at high pressure from the heart to tissues?

A. Veins

B. Capillaries

C. Arterioles

D. Arteries

a) Outline the structure and function of the different components of blood. [4]

b) How do veins collect and return blood to the heart, and what is the role of valves in this process? [3]

c) Discuss the significance of the sinoatrial node acting as a pacemaker in the heart. [2]

a) Explain the role of the double pump function of the heart in the circulatory system. [3]

b) Describe the structure of capillaries and how it facilitates material exchange at the cellular level. [4]

c) How do the muscle cells and elastic fibres in arteries contribute to maintaining blood pressure? [2]

a) Describe the structure of the heart and explain how it functions as a double pump. [4]

b) How do the muscle cells and elastic fibres in the walls of arteries contribute to maintaining blood pressure? [3]

c) Explain the role of valves in the heart and veins in preventing backflow of blood. [3]

d) Discuss the significance of the sinoatrial node in initiating the heartbeat. [2]

a) Outline the composition of blood and the function of each of its components. [4]

b) How does the structure of capillaries facilitate the exchange of materials between blood and tissues? [3]

c) Discuss the role of pulmonary circulation in gas exchange. [3]

d) Explain how the double pump function of the heart is essential for maintaining homeostasis. [2]

a) Explain the role of muscle contractions and valves in veins in returning blood to the heart. [3]

b) Describe the function and significance of the sinoatrial node in the cardiac cycle. [3]

c) How do arteries adapt to carry blood at high pressure from the heart to tissues? [3]

d) Discuss the importance of capillary exchange for nutrient and gas exchange at the cellular level. [3]