Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating blood glucose levels by decreasing it?

A. Glucagon

B. Insulin

C. Thyroxin

D. Leptin

What is the main function of thyroxin?

A. Regulating appetite

B. Controlling metabolic rate and body temperature

C. Regulating blood glucose concentration

D. Controlling circadian rhythms

Which gland secretes melatonin, and what is its primary function?

A. Thyroid; controlling metabolic rate

B. Adipose tissue; regulating appetite

C. Pineal gland; controlling circadian rhythms

D. Pancreas; regulating blood glucose

Which hormone is secreted by adipose tissue and acts on the hypothalamus to regulate appetite?

A. Insulin

B. Leptin

C. Glucagon

D. Melatonin

What role does the hormone estrogen play in the female reproductive system?

A. Initiates the development of male secondary sexual characteristics

B. Regulates the menstrual cycle and prepares the uterus for pregnancy

C. Controls metabolic rate and body temperature

D. Regulates blood glucose levels

a) Explain how insulin and glucagon work together to regulate blood glucose levels. [3]

b) Discuss the role of thyroxin in controlling metabolic rate and body temperature, and identify the gland responsible for its secretion. [2]

a) Describe the structure and function of the male reproductive system, highlighting the role each part plays in reproduction. [3]

b) Discuss the role of the Y chromosome and testosterone in male development and reproduction. [2]

a) Outline the hormonal interactions between the ovaries and pituitary gland that control the menstrual cycle. [3]

b) Discuss the stages of early embryonic development and the concept of implantation. [2]

a) Discuss the principles of feedback mechanisms in hormone regulation, providing an example. [3]

b) Explain the role of leptin in appetite regulation and identify the tissue responsible for its secretion. [3]

c) Describe how melatonin controls circadian rhythms and identify the gland responsible for its secretion. [2]

a) Outline the structure and function of the female reproductive system, emphasising each part's role in reproduction. [3]

b) Discuss the roles of estrogen and progesterone in female reproductive development and the menstrual cycle. [3]

c) Explain the hormonal changes that occur during pregnancy. [2]

Which of the following hormones is NOT involved in the menstrual cycle?

A. FSH

B. LH

C. Thyroxin

D. Progesterone

Where does fertilization typically occur in the female reproductive system?

A. Uterus

B. Ovary

C. Fallopian tube

D. Cervix

Which hormone is responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics and is secreted due to the presence of the Y chromosome?

A. Estrogen

B. Testosterone

C. Progesterone

D. Leptin

What is the primary function of progesterone in the female reproductive system?

A. Development of secondary sexual characteristics

B. Maintenance of the uterine lining for a possible pregnancy

C. Regulation of metabolic rate

D. Control of circadian rhythms

Which structure is crucial for exchanging nutrients and waste between the mother and the developing embryo?

A. Amniotic sac

B. Umbilical cord

C. Placenta

D. Cervix

a) Describe how the endocrine system and hormones regulate body functions. [3]

b) Discuss the regulation of blood glucose levels by insulin and glucagon, and identify the organ responsible for their secretion. [3]

c) Explain the impact of thyroxin on metabolic rate and body temperature. [2]

a) Discuss the roles of FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone in the menstrual cycle and preparation for pregnancy. [4]

b) Describe the concept of implantation and the role of the placenta in pregnancy. [3]

c) Explain the stages of early embryonic development following fertilisation. [3]

a) Explain how the endocrine system utilises feedback mechanisms to regulate hormone levels, providing an example involving insulin and glucagon. [4]

b) Discuss the role of thyroxin in controlling metabolic rate and body temperature, and identify the gland responsible for its secretion. [3]

c) Describe the structure and function of the male reproductive system, highlighting the role of testosterone in male development and reproduction. [3]

d) Outline the stages of early embryonic development and discuss the concept of implantation. [2]

a) Discuss the hormonal interactions between the ovaries and pituitary gland in controlling the menstrual cycle. [4]

b) Explain the roles of leptin and melatonin, identifying the tissues or glands responsible for their secretion and the functions they regulate. [3]

c) Describe the structure and function of the female reproductive system, emphasising the roles of estrogen and progesterone. [3]

d) Outline the role of the placenta during pregnancy and the hormonal changes that occur. [2]

a) Outline the gene on the Y chromosome's role in testes development and testosterone secretion in males. [3]

b) Discuss the impact of myelination and saltatory conduction on nerve impulse transmission. [3]

c) Explain how neurons generate a resting potential and describe the processes of depolarisation and repolarisation during an action potential. [4]

d) Describe how nerve impulses are propagated along axons and the role of synapses in transmitting impulses between neurons. [2]