Which of the following pathogens is responsible for causing malaria?

A. Bacteria

B. Virus

C. Fungi

D. Parasite

What is the primary role of phagocytic white blood cells in the immune response?

A. Produce antibodies

B. Ingest and destroy pathogens

C. Produce memory cells

D. Release histamines

Which component of the immune system is responsible for providing long-term immunity by remembering past infections?

A. Antibodies

B. Memory cells

C. Phagocytes

D. Complement proteins

What is the main purpose of vaccination?

A. To treat infections

B. To induce an immune response and create memory cells

C. To reduce inflammation

D. To destroy pathogens directly

Which of the following is a major concern associated with the overuse of antibiotics?

A. Reduced immune response

B. Antibiotic resistance

C. Decreased blood clotting

D. Impaired memory cell function

a) Describe the different types of pathogens and give an example of a disease caused by each. [4]

b) Explain the role of phagocytic white blood cells in providing non-specific immunity. [3]

a) Discuss the principles behind vaccination and how it contributes to adaptive immunity. [4]

b) Explain the issue of antibiotic resistance and its implications for treating bacterial infections. [3]

a) Outline the roles of the skin and mucous membranes as the body's first line of defence against pathogens. [3]

b) Discuss the importance of blood clotting in preventing pathogen entry and aiding the immune response. [4]

a) Explain how the human body distinguishes between self and non-self cells. [3]

b) Discuss the role of different leukocytes in the immune response. [4]

c) How do memory cells contribute to immunity? [2]

a) Describe the structure and function of the sinoatrial node in the heart. [3]

b) How does the propagation of electrical signals through the heart coordinate heart contractions? [4]

c) Discuss the importance of valves in the heart and veins in maintaining blood flow and preventing backflow. [3]

How do the skin and mucous membranes contribute to the body's defence against pathogens?

A. By producing antibodies

B. By acting as physical barriers

C. By inducing fever

D. By promoting inflammation

Which type of leukocyte is primarily involved in the adaptive immune response?

A. Neutrophils

B. Macrophages

C. Lymphocytes

D. Basophils

What is the role of blood clotting in the body's defence mechanisms?

A. Destroying pathogens

B. Sealing cuts and preventing pathogen entry

C. Producing antibodies

D. Inducing adaptive immunity

Which of the following diseases is caused by a virus?

A. Tuberculosis

B. Malaria

C. Influenza

D. Ringworm

What is the significance of the adaptive immune response in defending against infectious diseases?

A. It provides immediate, non-specific defence

B. It induces inflammation and fever

C. It is specific to pathogens and involves memory cells

D. It involves the physical barriers of the body

a) Outline the process of phagocytosis and its importance in the immune response. [4]

b) How do antibiotics work to combat bacterial infections? [3]

c) Explain the concept of antibiotic resistance and discuss its implications. [3]

a) Discuss the composition of blood and explain the function of each component. [4]

b) How does the anatomy and physiology of the pulmonary circulation facilitate gas exchange? [3]

c) Explain the concept of blood types and the importance of the Rh factor in blood transfusions. [3]

a) Describe the different types of pathogens and give an example of a disease caused by each. [4]

b) Explain the first line of defence in the human body against pathogens. [3]

c) How do vaccines work to provide immunity against infectious diseases? [3]

d) Discuss the issue of antibiotic resistance and its global implications. [4]

a) Outline the roles of different leukocytes in both the innate and adaptive immune responses. [4]

b) How does the structure of capillaries facilitate the exchange of materials between blood and tissues? [3]

c) Discuss the role of the sinoatrial node and how it initiates the heartbeat. [3]

d) Explain the importance of blood clotting and how it prevents pathogen entry. [4]

a) Discuss the anatomy and physiology of the pulmonary circulation and how it facilitates gas exchange. [4]

b) Explain the concept and importance of blood types and the Rh factor in blood transfusions. [3]

c) How do muscle cells and elastic fibres in arteries maintain blood pressure between heartbeats? [3]

d) Describe the process and significance of phagocytosis in the immune response. [4]