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AQA A-Level History

Study Notes
1.1.1 Religious and Political Landscape of c1071
1.1.2 The First Crusade: Causes, Course and Consequences
1.1.3 Establishment and Governance of the Crusader States
1.1.4 Muslim Response and the Second Crusade
1.2.1 Islamic Revival and the Rise of Jihad (1149–1187)
1.2.2 Developments in Outremer and Relations with Christian Powers
1.2.3 Internal Divisions in Outremer and the Reign of Baldwin IV
1.2.4 The Rise of Saladin and the Crisis of 1187
1.2.5 The Third Crusade (1187–1192)
1.2.6 The Fourth Crusade and the Legacy of the Crusading Movement (1204)
2.1.1 The Iberian Peninsula in 1469: Foundations of Unification
2.1.2 Restoration of Royal Authority and Development of Government (1469–1516)
2.1.3 Social Policies and Religious Pluralism
2.1.4 Economic Change and Overseas Ambitions (1469–1516)
2.1.5 Charles I and the Evolution of Spanish Power (1516–1556)
2.1.6 Spain as a Great Power: Foreign, Religious and Colonial Policy (1516–1556)
2.2.1 Government and Rulership under Philip II
2.2.2 Internal Challenges: Rebellion, Faction, and Control
2.2.3 Religion and Society: Catholic Orthodoxy and Papal Relations
2.2.4 Economic and Colonial Policy: Finance, Trade and Empire
2.2.5 Spain’s Golden Age: Intellectual and Cultural Flourishing
2.2.6 Spain’s Great Power Status and International Position (1556–1598)
3.1.1 Henry VII: Consolidation of Power and Government
3.1.2 Henry VII: Foreign Policy, Society and the Economy
3.1.3 Henry VII: Religion, Humanism and Cultural Life
3.1.4 Henry VIII: Government and Royal Supremacy
3.1.5 Henry VIII: Foreign Policy, Succession and Social Impact
3.1.6 Henry VIII: Economy, Religion and Cultural Change
3.2.1 Edward VI and Mid-Tudor Instability (1547–1553)
3.2.2 Mary I and Reversal of Reforms (1553–1558)
3.2.3 Elizabeth I: Consolidation and the Early Settlement (1558–1563)
3.2.4 Elizabethan Rule and the ‘Golden Age’ (1563–1603)
3.2.5 Economic and Cultural Developments under Elizabeth
3.2.6 The End of Elizabeth’s Reign and State of England by 1603
4.1 Absolutism Challenged: Britain, 1603–16494.2 Monarchy Restored and Restrained: Britain, 1649–1702 (A-level only)
5.1.1 Russia in 1682 and the Rise of Peter
5.1.2 Early Modernisation and Reform (1682–1707)
5.1.3 Foreign Policy and Military Expansion, 1682–1707
5.1.4 Consolidation of Autocracy and Service State (1707–1725)
5.1.5 Social and Cultural Transformation
5.1.6 Late Opposition and Foreign Ambitions (1707–1725)
5.2.1 From Peter’s Legacy to Palace Coups (1725–1762)
5.2.2 Elizabeth’s Reign: Reform, Culture and Power
5.2.3 Russia’s Foreign Policy in the Mid-18th Century
5.2.4 Catherine the Great: Character, Enlightenment, and Reform
5.2.5 Government, Society, and Serfdom under Catherine
5.2.6 Opposition, Rebellion and Foreign Policy (1762–1796)
6.1.1 The Political Landscape and Early Reform, 1783–1806
6.1.2 Economic and Social Change during Early Industrialisation
6.1.3 Revolutionary Influences and Challenges to the Government, 1789–1812
6.1.4 Conservatism, Repression, and Reform under Lord Liverpool (1812–1827)
6.1.5 Moderate Reform and Social Pressures, 1827–1830
6.1.6 Reform and Revolution: Toward the Great Reform Act (1830–1832)
6.2.1 Whigs, Tories and Social Reform, 1832–1846
6.2.2 Pressure Groups and Campaigns for Reform, 1832–1846
6.2.3 Economic and Social Developments, 1832–1846
6.2.4 Political Change and Realignment, 1846–1885
6.2.5 Society and Social Campaigns, 1846–1885
6.2.6 Economic Transformation and Britain by 1885
7.1.1 Politics and Political Reform, c1851–1886
7.1.2 Economy and Society in Mid-Victorian Britain
7.1.3 Social Reform and Movements, c1851–1886
7.1.4 Irish Question and Anglo-Irish Relations, c1851–1886
7.1.5 Political and Social Change, 1886–1914
7.1.6 Economic and Social Conditions, 1886–1914
7.2.1 Political and Social Impact of the First World War, 1914–1939
7.2.2 Economic Struggles and Realignment, 1914–1939
7.2.3 Social Change and Social Policy, 1914–1939
7.2.4 Ireland and Anglo-Irish Relations, 1916–1939
7.2.5 World War II and Post-War Political Change, 1939–1964
7.2.6 Economy, Society and Anglo-Irish Relations, 1939–1964
8.1.1 Reform and Reaction under Alexander II and Alexander III (1855–1894)
8.1.2 Nationalities, Opposition, and the Role of the Church (1855–1894)
8.1.3 Nicholas II and the Crisis of Autocracy (1894–1905)
8.1.4 Political, Economic and Social Developments to 1914
8.1.5 Opposition and Revolution in Wartime Russia (1914–1917)
8.1.6 Dual Power and Bolshevik Takeover (March–December 1917)
8.2.1 Lenin, Stalin and the Development of Communist Government (1917–1941)
8.2.2 Consolidation of Power and Stalinist Dictatorship (1918–1941)
8.2.3 Soviet Economic Policy from Lenin to Stalin (1917–1941)
8.2.4 Social and Cultural Transformation under Lenin and Stalin
8.2.5 War and Government from 1941–1953: High Stalinism and Beyond
8.2.6 Khrushchev’s Reforms and the USSR by 1964
9.1.1 Imperial Expansion and Administration, c1857–c1890
9.1.2 Trade, Commerce and Chartered Companies (1857–1890)
9.1.3 Individuals and Imperial Influence, 1857–1890
9.1.4 Attitudes to Empire and Indigenous Relations, 1857–1890
9.1.5 Imperial Consolidation and Policy under Liberal Rule, c1890–1914
9.1.6 Public and Political Attitudes to Empire, c1890–1914
9.2.1 The Empire at War and Between the Wars (1914–1947)
9.2.2 Economic and Cultural Shifts in the Interwar Empire
9.2.3 Nationalism and Indigenous Resistance (1914–1947)
9.2.4 The Acceleration of Decolonisation (1947–1967)
9.2.5 Empire, Economy and Global Role Post-1947
9.2.6 Indigenous Resistance and the End of Empire (1947–1967)
10.1.1 Reconstruction and the Gilded Age: Government and Politics, 1865–1890
10.1.2 Society and Regional Divisions, 1865–1890
10.1.3 Economic Growth and Industrial Power, 1865–1890
10.1.4 US Foreign Policy and Isolationism, 1865–1890
10.1.5 Populism, Progressivism, and the Politics of Reform, 1890–1920
10.1.6 The USA as a World Power and Domestic Transformation, 1890–1920
10.2.1 Domestic Politics and Government, 1920–1945
10.2.2 Economic Change and Crisis, 1920–1945
10.2.3 Society, Culture and Identity, 1920–1945
10.2.4 Divisions and Race Relations, 1920–1945
10.2.5 Foreign Policy and Global War, 1920–1945
10.2.6 The USA as a Superpower, 1945–1975
11.1.1 Political Authority and Government under the Kaiserreich, 1871–1914
11.1.2 Opposition and Political Development, 1871–1914
11.1.3 Economic and Social Change under the Kaiserreich
11.1.4 Germany from War to Republic, 1914–1919
11.1.5 Government and Opposition in the Weimar Republic, 1919–1929
11.1.6 Economy, Society and the Weimar Republic by 1929
11.2.1 The Collapse of Weimar and Rise of the Nazi State, 1929–1934
11.2.2 Nazi Governance, Opposition and War, 1934–1945
11.2.3 Nazi Economy, Society and Culture, 1933–1945
11.2.4 Post-War Occupation and Division of Germany, 1945–1949
11.2.5 West Germany’s Political Stability and Opposition, 1949–1970s
11.2.6 West German Economy and Society, 1950s–1980s
11.2.7 Reunification and the State of Germany by 1991
12.1.1 England in 1154 and Henry II’s Early Rule
12.1.2 Restoration of Royal Power: Barons, Finance, and Law
12.1.3 The Church and the Crown
12.1.4 The Angevin Empire: Overseas Territories and Foreign Policy
12.1.5 The Great Rebellion, 1173–1174
12.1.6 Henry’s Later Reign and Legacy
12.2.1 Richard I: Character, Religion, and the Crusade
12.2.2 Government in Richard’s Absence
12.2.3 Foreign Policy and War with France
12.2.4 Society and Economy in Richard’s Reign
12.2.5 King John: Character and Governance
12.2.6 John and the Church
12.2.7 War and Diplomacy: France, Scotland, Ireland, Wales
12.2.8 Decline of John’s Reign and the Magna Carta
12.2.9 The First Barons' War and John’s Death
12.2.10 Legacy of King John and Succession Crisis
13.1.1 Weaknesses of Henry VI’s Rule and Early Tensions
13.1.2 Rise of Richard of York and the Escalation of Conflict
13.1.3 Civil War and the Ascendancy of Edward IV
13.1.4 Rivalries and the Final Defeat of the Lancastrians
13.1.5 Social and Political Impact of the Wars by 1471
13.2.1 Edward IV’s Second Reign and Consolidation of Power
13.2.2 Richard III’s Usurpation and Early Reign
13.2.3 Richard III’s Decline and the Rise of the Tudors
13.2.4 Yorkist Opposition and Rebellions under Henry VII
13.2.5 The Final Yorkist Threats and the End of the Dynasty
13.2.6 Social and Political Impact of the Wars of the Roses by 1499
14.1.1 The Catholic Church at the Turn of the 16th Century
14.1.2 Humanism and Growing Criticism of the Church
14.1.3 Luther’s Challenge and the Early Reformation (1517–1521)
14.1.4 Spread of Protestantism and Radical Reform (1521–1525)
14.1.5 Imperial Politics and Attempts at Settlement (1525–1531)
14.2.1 Expansion of Lutheranism and Religious Division (1531–1541)
14.2.2 Calvin and the Evolution of Reformed Protestantism
14.2.3 Spread of Calvinism and Religious War in Germany (1541–1564)
14.2.4 The Catholic Reformation and Council of Trent (1531–1564)
15.1.1 The Condition of the Church in 1529
15.1.2 The King’s Great Matter and the Start of the Break with Rome (1529–1532)
15.1.3 The Establishment of Royal Supremacy (1532–1536)
15.1.4 Reaction and Reform (1536–1547)
15.2.1 The Protestant Reform Under Edward VI (1547–1553)
15.2.2 Succession Crisis and Mary’s Accession (1553)
15.2.3 The Restoration of Papal Authority under Mary I (1553–1558)
15.2.4 Persecution and Opposition under Mary I
15.2.5 Elizabeth’s Religious Settlement (1558–c1570)
15.2.6 Support and Opposition to the Elizabethan Settlement
15.2.7 Challenges to the Settlement and Religious Stability by 1570
16.1.1 The Legacy of James I and Early Issues under Charles I (1625–1629)
16.1.2 The Personal Rule and ‘Thorough’ (1629–1640)
16.1.3 The Scottish Crisis and Collapse of Personal Rule (1637–1640)
16.1.4 The Short and Long Parliaments: Breakdown of Trust (1640–1642)
16.1.5 The Slide into Civil War (1641–1642)
16.2.1 The Royalist Cause in the First Civil War (1642–1646)
16.2.2 The Parliamentarian Forces and Military Innovation
16.2.3 Radicalism During the Civil War
16.2.4 Ending the First Civil War
16.2.5 Radicalisation and Collapse of the Political Nation (1646–1649)
16.2.6 The Second Civil War and Regicide
16.2.7 The Third Civil War and Royalist Defeat
16.2.8 Republican Experiments: 1649–1653
16.2.9 Oliver Cromwell and the Protectorate (1653–1658)
16.2.10 Collapse of the Republic and the Restoration (1658–1660)
17.1.1 The French Monarchy and the Regency, 1643–1661
17.1.2 France and European Politics, 1643–1661
17.1.3 The State of France in 1661: Inheriting the Kingdom
17.1.4 The Establishment of Absolutism
17.1.5 Art, Culture and Science under Louis XIV
17.1.6 Colbert, Finance and Economic Policy
17.1.7 Religion and Foreign Policy, 1661–1685
17.2.1 Domestic Challenges and Royal Authority, 1685–1715
17.2.2 Financial Strain and Economic Pressures
17.2.3 Religious Conflict and Policy
17.2.4 Social Strain and Internal Discontent
17.2.5 The Nine Years' War and the Challenge of the Grand Alliance
17.2.6 The War of the Spanish Succession, 1701–1714
17.2.7 The Final Years and the Legacy of Louis XIV
18.1.1 Britain and North America in 1760
18.1.2 The Thirteen Colonies: Internal Divisions and Identity
18.1.3 The Impact of Victory in the French and Indian War (Seven Years War)
18.1.4 The Enforcement of Imperial Control, 1763–1774
18.1.5 The Growth of Colonial Resistance, 1774–1776
18.1.6 Revolutionary Ideology and Leadership
18.1.7 From Armed Conflict to Independence
18.2.1 Military and Strategic Factors in the War of Independence
18.2.2 The International Dimension and Impact on the War
18.2.3 Leadership, Strategy, and the End of the War
18.2.4 The Articles of Confederation and Obstacles to Unity
18.2.5 Drafting the US Constitution: Debates and Compromises
18.2.6 Ratification of the Constitution and the Federal System
18.2.7 Washington and Adams: Shaping the Presidency
18.2.8 Political Conflict and the State of the Union in 1801
19.1.1 The Ancien Régime and the Origins of Revolution
19.1.2 Enlightenment Thought and International Influence
19.1.3 Financial Crisis and the Failures of Reform
19.1.4 Political Breakdown and the Estates-General (1787–1789)
19.1.5 The Revolution of 1789 and the Rise of Popular Politics
19.1.6 The Constitutional Monarchy, 1789–1792
19.1.7 The Collapse of Constitutional Monarchy
19.1.8 The Creation of the Republic and Escalation of Conflict
19.1.9 The Terror and Its Fall, 1793–1795
19.2.1 The Fall of Robespierre and the Rise of the Directory
19.2.2 The Directory: Structure, Challenges and Effectiveness
19.2.3 Napoleon’s Military Rise and the Brumaire Coup
19.2.4 Domestic Political and Social Change under Napoleon
19.2.5 Legal, Administrative, and Economic Reform
19.2.6 The Expansion of the Empire and Reasons for Military Success
19.2.7 Administration and Control of the Grand Empire
19.2.8 Challenges and Decline of the Napoleonic Empire
19.2.9 The Fall of Napoleon and His Legacy
20.1.1 The Political and Constitutional Framework of the USA in 1845
20.1.2 Regional Characteristics: North and South
20.1.3 The Historical Roots of Sectional Division
20.1.4 The Impact of Westward Expansion and War with Mexico
20.1.5 Political Compromises and the Breakdown of Consensus (1840s–1850s)
20.1.6 Abolitionism and the Southern Response
20.1.7 Escalation of Tensions and Collapse of National Politics
20.1.8 Secession and the Outbreak of Civil War
20.2.1 Strengths and Weaknesses of the Confederacy
20.2.2 Strengths and Weaknesses of the Union
20.2.3 The Course and Outcome of the Civil War (1861–1865)
20.2.4 The Cost and Consequences of the Civil War
20.2.5 Lincoln, Emancipation, and Reconstruction Planning
20.2.6 The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments
20.2.7 The Presidency of Andrew Johnson and Impeachment
20.2.8 Radical Reconstruction: Aims, Actions, and Resistance
20.2.9 The End of Reconstruction and Its Legacy
21.1.1 The Political and Military Structures of the Great Powers, c1890–1900
21.1.2 Economic Power, Imperial Rivalry, and Alliance Building
21.1.3 The Rise of Instability and Crisis Politics, 1900–1911
21.1.4 Alliance Systems and Early Crises, 1904–1911
21.1.5 The Decline of the Ottoman Empire and Balkan Tensions
21.1.6 Panslavism, Bosnia, and the 1908 Crisis
21.1.7 The Balkan Wars and the Breakdown of Peace
21.1.8 The July Crisis and Outbreak of War, 1914
21.1.9 Globalising the Conflict: Italy and the USA Enter the War
21.2.1 The Collapse of the Empires and the Post-War Order
21.2.2 The 1919–1923 Peace Settlements
21.2.3 Reactions to the Peace Settlements and Global Implications
21.2.4 International Relations and Tensions by 1923
21.2.5 The Spirit of Locarno and Interwar Diplomacy, 1923–1930
21.2.6 The Impact of the Depression and Failure of Collective Security
21.2.7 Hitler’s Foreign Policy and Aggressive Expansion, 1935–1939
21.2.8 The Outbreak of European War, 1939
21.2.9 From European to Global Conflict, 1939–1941
22.1.1 The Legacy of Italian Unification and Conditions by 1900
22.1.2 Giolitti and the Liberal State, 1900–1914
22.1.3 Growth of Opposition and Foreign Policy Ambitions
22.1.4 Italy’s War Effort and the ‘Mutilated Victory’
22.1.5 Post-War Crisis: Social and Political Unrest, 1919–1921
22.1.6 Fascism, Extremism, and Political Breakdown
22.1.7 Mussolini’s Appointment as Prime Minister and March on Rome
22.1.8 Early Fascist Government and Consolidation of Power
22.1.9 Suppression of Opposition and Creation of a One-Party State
22.1.10 The Fascist State by 1926: Control and Resistance
22.2.1 The Fascist State and Totalitarian Control
22.2.2 Fascist Economic Policies and Corporatism
22.2.3 Society Under Fascism: Youth, Women, and Religion
22.2.4 Foreign Policy, 1926–1936: Assertiveness and Empire
22.2.5 Alignment with Nazi Germany and the Road to War, 1936–1940
22.2.6 Italy in the Second World War, 1940–1943
22.2.7 The Fall of Mussolini and the Italian Social Republic (1943–1945)
22.2.8 The Legacy of Fascism in Post-War Italy
23.1.1 The Liberal Ascendancy and Welfare Reform, 1906–1914
23.1.2 Political and Social Crises Before the First World War
23.1.3 The Impact of the First World War on British Politics and Economy
23.1.4 War and Society: Social and Cultural Change, 1914–1922
23.1.5 Ireland and Anglo-Irish Relations, 1916–1922
23.1.6 Rebuilding Politics and Economy in the 1920s
23.1.7 Society and Culture in the Interwar Years
23.2.1 The ‘Hungry Thirties’: Political, Economic and Social Challenges
23.2.2 Social and Cultural Responses to Depression and Instability
23.2.3 Wartime Leadership and Political Transformation, 1939–1945
23.2.4 Social, Economic and Cultural Impacts of Total War
23.2.5 Post-War Reconstruction and Labour Reforms, 1945–1951
23.2.6 Conservative Revival and Economic Policy, 1951–1957
23.2.7 Social Change, Affluence and Cultural Shifts in the 1950s
24.1.1 The February/March Revolution of 1917 and the Fall of the Tsar
24.1.2 From Dual Power to Bolshevik Seizure: March–October 1917
24.1.3 The Bolshevik Consolidation of Power, 1917–1924
24.1.4 Economic and Social Policies under Lenin
24.1.5 Foreign Relations and Communist Internationalism, 1918–1924
24.1.6 The Power Struggle after Lenin’s Death
24.1.7 Economic and Political Shift under Stalin, 1928–1929
24.2.1 Collectivisation and Rural Change
24.2.2 Industrial Transformation: The Five-Year Plans
24.2.3 Stalinist Culture and the Cult of Personality
24.2.4 Terror, Purges, and Political Control
24.2.5 Society and Cultural Life Under Stalin
24.2.6 Soviet Foreign Policy and the Road to War
24.2.7 The Great Patriotic War, 1941–1945
24.2.8 Post-War Reconstruction and High Stalinism
24.2.9 The USSR as a Superpower and Stalin’s Legacy
25.1.1 The Birth of the Weimar Republic and the Versailles Treaty
25.1.2 Early Economic and Social Problems, 1919–1924
25.1.3 Political Instability and Extremism, 1919–1924
25.1.4 Economic and Social Developments, 1924–1928
25.1.5 Weimar Culture and Social Change in the Golden Age
25.1.6 Political Landscape and Foreign Policy, 1924–1928
25.1.7 The Great Depression and the Collapse of Democracy
25.1.8 Rise of Nazism and the End of the Weimar Republic
25.2.1 Consolidation of Power and the Nazi Dictatorship
25.2.2 Nazi Economic and Social Policies (1933–1939)
25.2.3 The Racial State: Policy and Persecution (1933–1941)
25.2.4 Nazi Racial Policy in Wartime (1939–1945)
25.2.5 The Impact of War on the German People
25.2.6 Opposition, Resistance, and the Collapse of the Regime
26.1.1 The Origins of the Chinese Civil War, 1936–1946
26.1.2 Communist Victory and Mao's Consolidation, 1946–1952
26.1.3 Foreign Relations of the Early PRC
26.1.4 The Transition to Socialism: Political Changes, 1952–1962
26.1.5 Economic Policy and the Great Leap Forward
26.1.6 Social Developments and Impact of Collectivisation
26.1.7 The Sino-Soviet Split and International Affairs
26.2.1 Reform and Control, 1962–1966
26.2.2 The Cultural Revolution: Origins and Early Phase, 1966–1969
26.2.3 The Development and Aftermath of the Cultural Revolution, 1969–1976
26.2.4 International Relations during and after the Cultural Revolution
26.2.5 The PRC under Deng Xiaoping: Rise and Leadership, 1976–1989
26.2.6 China as a Global Power, 1989–1997
27.1.1 America in 1945: Post-War Society, Economy, and Politics
27.1.2 Truman’s Foreign Policy and Superpower Role
27.1.3 Truman’s Domestic Policies and McCarthyism
27.1.4 Civil Rights and African Americans, 1945–1952
27.1.5 Eisenhower’s Domestic Policy and the Economy
27.1.6 Cold War and Global Role under Eisenhower
27.1.7 Kennedy’s New Frontier and Civil Rights, 1960–1963
27.2.1 Lyndon B. Johnson and the Great Society
27.2.2 Vietnam and American Foreign Policy under Johnson
27.2.3 Civil Rights and Race Relations, 1963–1968
27.2.4 Protest Movements and Social Divisions, 1960s
27.2.5 The Nixon Presidency and Republican Reaction, 1968–1974
27.2.6 Nixon, Foreign Policy, and the Limits of Power
27.2.7 The Watergate Scandal and Its Impact
27.2.8 The USA Under Ford and Carter, 1974–1980
27.2.9 Foreign Policy Challenges and Superpower Status, 1974–1980
27.2.10 Civil Rights and the ‘New South’ by 1980
27.2.11 The State of the Nation by 1980 and Reagan’s Victory
28.1.1 The Breakdown of the Grand Alliance and Origins of Tension, 1945–1946
28.1.2 The Deepening Divide: Ideological and Strategic Reactions, 1946–1949
28.1.3 Economic Warfare and the Division of Europe: The Marshall Plan and Berlin, 1947–1949
28.1.4 Cold War Escalation in Asia: China, Korea, and Containment Strategy, 1949–1953
28.1.5 Cold War Politics and Alliances: Shifting Powers, 1953–1955
28.1.6 The Cold War and Global Rivalries: Berlin, Arms Race and Asia, 1955–1961
28.1.7 The Cuban Missile Crisis and the Peak of Cold War Tension, 1962–1963
28.2.1 US Escalation and Confrontation in Vietnam, 1963–1969
28.2.2 Nixon’s Vietnam Strategy and International Positioning, 1969–1972
28.2.3 Steps Toward Détente and East-West Cooperation, 1963–1972
28.2.4 Soviet Pressures and the Brezhnev Doctrine, 1968–1972
28.2.5 Détente Under Strain: Developments in Asia, Europe, and the Americas, 1972–1979
28.2.6 The Second Cold War: Renewed Tensions and Global Flashpoints, 1979–1985
28.2.7 Globalisation of the Cold War: Superpower Activity in the Global South
28.2.8 Gorbachev’s Reforms and the End of the Cold War, 1985–1991
29.1.1 Conservative Dominance and Political Landscape, 1951–1964
29.1.2 Economic Change and ‘Stop-Go’ Policies, 1951–1970
29.1.3 Social and Cultural Developments in Britain, 1951–1970
29.1.4 Foreign Policy and Decolonisation, 1951–1970
29.1.5 Wilson’s Labour Government and Domestic Policies, 1964–1970
29.1.6 Liberal Reforms and Social Change in the 1960s
29.1.7 The End of Consensus and Rise of Crisis Politics, 1970–1979
29.1.8 Society, Feminism, and International Relations in the 1970s
29.2.1 The Rise of Thatcher and the Conservative Dominance, 1979–1987
29.2.2 Economic Revolution under Thatcher: Policies and Outcomes
29.2.3 Society and the Impact of Thatcherism
29.2.4 Thatcher's Foreign Policy and International Relations
29.2.5 From Thatcher to Major: Political and Economic Change, 1987–1997
29.2.6 The Rise of ‘New Labour’ and the Road to 1997 Victory
29.2.7 Social Developments and Identity in Late 20th Century Britain
29.2.8 Britain on the Global Stage, 1997–2007: Foreign and Domestic Policy under Blair
30.1.1 The USSR after Stalin: Legacy and Power Struggle (1953–1956)
30.1.2 Khrushchev’s Reforms and the De-Stalinisation Campaign
30.1.3 Social and Economic Reforms under Khrushchev
30.1.4 Foreign Policy and Cold War Diplomacy under Khrushchev
30.1.5 Brezhnev’s Era of Stagnation: Domestic Politics and Economy (1964–1982)
30.1.6 Brezhnev’s Foreign Policy and Challenges to the Regime
30.1.7 Gorbachev’s Reforms and the Collapse of the USSR (1985–1991)
30.1.8 Yeltsin and Post-Soviet Russia, 1991–2000
30.2.1 Political and Economic Structure of Soviet Satellite States (1953–1968)
30.2.2 Daily Life and Sovietisation in the Satellite States
30.2.3 Repression and Control Mechanisms in the Satellite States
30.2.4 Resistance and Rising Tensions, 1953–1968
30.2.5 Reform and Resistance: ‘Real Existing Socialism’, 1968–1980
30.2.6 Growing Challenges to Soviet Control (1970s–1980)
30.2.7 The Fall of Communism in the Satellite States (1980–1989)
30.2.8 Post-Communist Transition in Eastern and Central Europe (1989–2000)

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