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IBDP ESS SL

Study notes
1.1.1 What shapes perspectives and arguments
1.1.2 Values: effects and expression
1.1.3 Investigating perspectives with surveys
1.1.4 Worldviews and environmental value systems
1.1.5 Technocentric, anthropocentric, ecocentric perspectives
1.1.6 Changing perspectives and the environmental movement
1.2.1 Systems and holistic approaches
1.2.2 Storages, flows, and system diagrams
1.2.3 Transfers, transformations, and system types
1.2.4 Earth as an integrated system
1.2.5 Negative feedback and equilibrium
1.2.6 Positive feedback and tipping points
1.2.7 Models: uses, forms, and limits
1.2.8 Emergent properties and resilience
1.3.1 Sustainability and system resilience
1.3.2 Three pillars and sustainability models
1.3.3 Environmental, social, and economic sustainability
1.3.4 Sustainable development and Brundtland
1.3.5 Indicators, footprints, and biocapacity
1.3.6 Environmental justice and inequalities
1.3.7 Scales of action and SDGs
1.3.8 Frameworks: boundaries, doughnut, circular economy
2.1.1 Ecological organization and habitats
2.1.2 Species, classification, and identification
2.1.3 Populations: distribution and abiotic factors
2.1.4 Ecological niches and interactions
2.1.5 Carrying capacity, regulation, and growth patterns
2.1.6 Humans and carrying capacity
2.1.7 Estimating populations in the field
2.1.8 Ecosystems, tipping points, and biosphere integrity
2.2.1 Photo- vs chemoautotrophs
2.2.2 Primary productivity: definition and units
2.2.3 Secondary productivity explained
2.2.4 NPP as food-chain base
2.2.5 Maximum sustainable yield (MSY)
2.2.6 Eat lower trophic levels
2.2.7 Ecological efficiency varies widely
2.2.8 Second law: entropy in ecosystems
2.3.1 Cycles, stores, sinks, and sources
2.3.2 Carbon stores, residence time, and flows
2.3.3 Sequestration, fossil fuels, ecosystem balance
2.3.4 Oceans and acidification
2.3.5 Managing the carbon cycle
2.3.6 Nitrogen stores and key microbes
2.3.7 Anaerobic soils, plant strategies, and flows
2.3.8 Human nitrogen: Haber, boundary, solutions
2.4.1 Climate vs weather; climate shapes biomes
2.4.2 Biome groups and characteristics
2.4.3 Tricellular circulation and biome patterns
2.4.4 Oceans redistribute absorbed heat
2.4.5 Climate change shifts biome ranges
2.4.6 Tropical cyclones and intensification
2.5.1 Zonation and measuring gradients
2.5.2 Succession: temporal change and evidence
2.5.3 Seral stages to climax
2.5.4 Primary and secondary succession
2.5.5 How succession alters ecosystems
2.5.6 Resilience, diversity, and human activity
2.5.7 Climax debates and alternative states
2.5.8 Human influence and plagioclimax
3.1.1 Biodiversity levels and resilience
3.1.2 Evolution and natural selection fundamentals
3.1.3 Speciation through isolation and adaptation
3.1.4 Species diversity: richness, evenness, Simpson’s D
3.1.5 Monitoring biodiversity for conservation
3.1.6 Earth history and the fossil record
3.1.7 Mass extinctions and the Anthropocene
3.1.8 Human-driven selection and domestication
3.2.1 Drivers of biodiversity loss
3.2.2 Multiple impacts and interactions
3.2.3 Invasive species: pathways and control
3.2.4 IUCN Red List: status criteria
3.2.5 From status to conservation priorities
3.2.6 Case studies: extinct, endangered, recovered
3.2.7 Tragedy of the commons
3.3.1 Values, perspectives, and justifications
3.3.2 Conservation approaches: ex situ, in situ, mixed
3.3.3 CBD treaty and Nagoya Protocol
3.3.4 Habitat conservation and ecosanctuaries
3.3.5 Reserve design, edges, and corridors
3.3.6 Rewilding methods and examples
3.3.7 Regeneration measures and evaluating success
3.3.8 Ecotourism: benefits and risks
4.1.1 Energy and gravity drive water movement
4.1.2 Hydrological cycle as system: stores and flows
4.1.3 Major water stores and relative proportions
4.1.4 Key flows and definitions
4.1.5 Land use alters flows and flood risk
4.1.6 Steady state and sustainable withdrawals
4.2.1 Water security: definition and importance
4.2.2 Access determinants and water use sectors
4.2.3 Expanding supply: storage and desalination
4.2.4 Scarcity vs stress and thresholds
4.2.5 Conservation: households, farms and industry
4.2.6 Water footprints for planning
4.2.7 Large-scale options and environmental impacts
4.2.8 Drivers, conflicts, and equity
4.3.1 Primary producers in aquatic food webs
4.3.2 Consumption and rising demand
4.3.3 Unsustainable harvesting practices
4.3.4 Consequences: fishery collapses
4.3.5 Maximum sustainable yield (MSY)
4.3.6 Climate change and acidification impacts
4.3.7 Policy, MPAs, and consumer actions
4.3.8 Aquaculture: growth and impacts
4.4.1 Water pollution sources and impacts
4.4.2 Plastics and microplastics
4.4.3 Measuring quality: abiotic tests, WQI, BOD
4.4.4 Biological assessment: indicators and biotic indices
4.4.5 Eutrophication: causes and sequence
4.4.6 Eutrophication: services and management
4.4.7 Sewage treatment stages and equity
4.4.8 Governance and citizen action
5.1.1 Soils as dynamic systems
5.1.2 Composition and soil biodiversity
5.1.3 Profiles, horizons, and development
5.1.4 Inputs, transfers, and transformations
5.1.5 Outputs and degradation risks
5.1.6 Soils supporting plant productivity
5.1.7 Texture, humus, and fertility
5.1.8 Soils in the carbon balance
5.2.1 Finite land and agro-climatic limits
5.2.2 Agricultural systems and traditional practices
5.2.3 Green Revolution and fertility inputs
5.2.4 Building soil fertility and conserving soils
5.2.5 Diets, trophic levels, and sustainability
5.2.6 Strategies and technologies for sustainable supply
5.2.7 Food availability, waste, and distribution
5.2.8 Wild harvesting and sustainability debates
6.1.1 Atmosphere supports life and redistributes gases
6.1.2 Tricellular circulation redistributes heat
6.1.3 GHGs, aerosols, and radiative forcing
6.1.4 Natural vs enhanced greenhouse effect
6.2.1 Climate basics and rising emissions
6.2.2 Proxies link CO₂ and temperature
6.2.3 Enhanced greenhouse effect and GHGs
6.2.4 Ecosystem impacts and resilience
6.2.5 Societal impacts and resilience
6.2.6 Feedbacks and energy-balance models
6.2.7 Climate boundary likely exceeded
6.2.8 Perspectives shape responses
6.3.1 Global cooperation and governance
6.3.2 Decarbonization and neutrality targets
6.3.3 Mitigation strategies: reduce, reduce GHGs, remove CO₂
6.3.4 Adaptation: structural and non-structural
6.3.5 IPCC scenarios and climate modeling
6.3.6 Technologies for mitigation
6.3.7 Barriers and climate justice
6.3.8 Geoengineering and the commons dilemma
6.4.1 Solar spectrum and UV energy
6.4.2 Ozone shields life from UV
6.4.3 UV harms ecosystems and health
6.4.4 Ozone steady-state equilibrium
6.4.5 ODSs accelerate ozone destruction
6.4.6 Effects and polar ozone holes
6.4.7 Montreal Protocol success
6.4.8 Boundary avoided through action
7.1.1 Resources, natural capital, and income
7.1.2 Ecosystem services sustain societies
7.1.3 Renewable vs non-renewable use
7.1.4 Valuing nature and changing values
7.1.5 Managing for sustainability
7.1.6 Resource security and choices
7.1.7 Unsustainable methods and short-termism
7.1.8 Globalization, insecurity, and improving security
7.2.1 Energy sources and conversions
7.2.2 Rising demand and finite fossils
7.2.3 Sustainability and life-cycle impacts
7.2.4 National energy choices
7.2.5 Storage for intermittent renewables
7.2.6 Conservation and efficiency
7.2.7 Nuclear power: trade-offs
7.2.8 Battery minerals and geopolitics
7.3.1 Waste sources, types, and household contents
7.3.2 Changing volumes and injustice
7.3.3 Pollution, biodegradability, and half-lives
7.3.4 Prevention over restoration
7.3.5 Disposal options: pros and cons
7.3.6 Promoting sustainable SDW management
7.3.7 Circular economy principles
8.1.1 Population inputs and outputs
8.1.2 Population metrics and calculations
8.1.3 Global growth and projections
8.1.4 Direct population policies
8.1.5 Indirect development policies
8.1.6 Age–sex pyramids
8.1.7 Demographic transition model
8.2.1 Urban ecosystems as interconnected systems
8.2.2 Defining urban and rural areas
8.2.3 Urbanization and rural–urban migration
8.2.4 Suburbanization and urban sprawl
8.2.5 Environmental impacts of expansion
8.2.6 Urban planning and sustainability
8.2.7 Ecological and circular urban planning
8.3.1 Urban air pollutants overview
8.3.2 Primary pollutant sources
8.3.3 Fossil fuel combustion dominance
8.3.4 Strategies to reduce air pollution
8.3.5 Acid rain formation
8.3.6 Acid rain impacts
8.3.7 Managing NOx and SO2 impacts

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