1. Period 1: 1491–16071.1 Contextualizing Period 10/01.1.1 How to Contextualize Period 1 (1491–1607)1.1.2 North America in 1491: Diverse Indigenous Societies1.1.3 Why Europeans Looked West: Competition, Faith, and Wealth1.1.4 Setting the Stage: The Columbian Exchange Begins1.1.5 Divergent Worldviews in Early Encounters1.2 Native American Societies Before European Contact0/01.2.1 Maize Agriculture and Irrigation in the Southwest1.2.2 Mobility in the Great Basin and Great Plains1.2.3 Mixed Economies and Permanent Villages in the East1.2.4 Coastal Resources in the Northwest and California1.3 European Exploration in the Americas0/01.3.1 The Search for Wealth: Trade Routes, Gold, and New Markets1.3.2 Rival Empires: Economic and Military Competition1.3.3 Spreading Christianity: Mission, Conversion, and Conquest1.4 Columbian Exchange, Spanish Exploration, and Conquest0/01.4.1 New World Crops and Europe’s Population Growth1.4.2 Mineral Wealth and the Shift Toward Capitalism1.4.3 Maritime Technology and Atlantic Expansion1.4.4 Joint-Stock Companies and Organized Trade1.4.5 Spanish Conquest, Epidemics, and Ecological Change1.5 Labor, Slavery, and Caste in the Spanish Colonial System0/01.5.1 Encomienda: Coerced Indigenous Labor1.5.2 Plantations and Mining: Building Colonial Economies1.5.3 The Atlantic Slave Trade and Spanish America1.5.4 Casta: Social Hierarchies in the Spanish Empire1.6 Cultural Interactions Between Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans0/01.6.1 Divergent Worldviews: Religion, Land, Gender, and Power1.6.2 First Encounters: Misunderstanding and Interpretation1.6.3 Cultural Exchange: Adaptation and Syncretism1.6.4 Encroachment and Indigenous Resistance1.6.5 European Debates and Racial Justifications1.7 Causation in Period 10/01.7.1 Key Effects of Transatlantic Voyages, 1491–16071.7.2 Making a Historically Defensible Claim1.7.3 Organizing a Thesis with AP Themes1. Period 1: 1491–16071.1 Contextualizing Period 10/01.1.1 How to Contextualize Period 1 (1491–1607)1.1.2 North America in 1491: Diverse Indigenous Societies1.1.3 Why Europeans Looked West: Competition, Faith, and Wealth1.1.4 Setting the Stage: The Columbian Exchange Begins1.1.5 Divergent Worldviews in Early Encounters1.2 Native American Societies Before European Contact0/01.2.1 Maize Agriculture and Irrigation in the Southwest1.2.2 Mobility in the Great Basin and Great Plains1.2.3 Mixed Economies and Permanent Villages in the East1.2.4 Coastal Resources in the Northwest and California1.3 European Exploration in the Americas0/01.3.1 The Search for Wealth: Trade Routes, Gold, and New Markets1.3.2 Rival Empires: Economic and Military Competition1.3.3 Spreading Christianity: Mission, Conversion, and Conquest1.4 Columbian Exchange, Spanish Exploration, and Conquest0/01.4.1 New World Crops and Europe’s Population Growth1.4.2 Mineral Wealth and the Shift Toward Capitalism1.4.3 Maritime Technology and Atlantic Expansion1.4.4 Joint-Stock Companies and Organized Trade1.4.5 Spanish Conquest, Epidemics, and Ecological Change1.5 Labor, Slavery, and Caste in the Spanish Colonial System0/01.5.1 Encomienda: Coerced Indigenous Labor1.5.2 Plantations and Mining: Building Colonial Economies1.5.3 The Atlantic Slave Trade and Spanish America1.5.4 Casta: Social Hierarchies in the Spanish Empire1.6 Cultural Interactions Between Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans0/01.6.1 Divergent Worldviews: Religion, Land, Gender, and Power1.6.2 First Encounters: Misunderstanding and Interpretation1.6.3 Cultural Exchange: Adaptation and Syncretism1.6.4 Encroachment and Indigenous Resistance1.6.5 European Debates and Racial Justifications1.7 Causation in Period 10/01.7.1 Key Effects of Transatlantic Voyages, 1491–16071.7.2 Making a Historically Defensible Claim1.7.3 Organizing a Thesis with AP Themes2. Period 2: 1607–17542.1 Contextualizing Period 20/02.1.1 European Colonization Goals and Migration Patterns2.1.2 Imperial Competition and the Struggle for Resources2.1.3 Regional Diversity in the British Colonies2.1.4 Atlantic Exchanges: Bonds with Britain and Emerging Resistance2.1.5 Atlantic Slavery’s Place in Early British America2.2 European Colonization0/02.2.1 Spanish Colonization: Wealth Extraction and Indigenous Subjugation2.2.2 French and Dutch Colonies: Trade Alliances and Fur Economies2.2.3 English Colonization: Migration, Land, and Agriculture2.3 The Regions of British Colonies0/02.3.1 Chesapeake and North Carolina: Tobacco and Labor Systems2.3.2 New England: Puritan Towns and a Mixed Economy2.3.3 Middle Colonies: Grain Exports and Cultural Diversity2.3.4 Southern Atlantic Coast & West Indies: Plantation Economies2.3.5 Colonial Self-Government: Town Meetings and Assemblies2.4 Transatlantic Trade0/02.4.1 The Atlantic Economy and Interconnected Trade Networks2.4.2 Trade’s Impact on Indigenous Peoples: Goods, Disease, and Change2.4.3 Mercantilism and British Imperial Control2.5 Interactions Between American Indians and Europeans0/02.5.1 Accommodation, Conflict, and Alliances2.5.2 British–Indigenous Conflict over Land: Metacom’s War2.5.3 Spanish Borderlands and Resistance: The Pueblo Revolt’s Legacy2.6 Slavery in the British Colonies0/02.6.1 Slavery’s Expansion and Regional Variation2.6.2 Chattel Slavery and the Construction of Racial Hierarchy2.6.3 Resistance and Cultural Survival under Slavery2.7 Colonial Society and Culture0/02.7.1 Pluralism and Intellectual Exchange in the Colonies2.7.2 The First Great Awakening and Cultural Change2.7.3 Enlightenment Ideas and a Transatlantic Print Culture2.7.4 Anglicization and Autonomous Colonial Communities2.7.5 Growing Tensions with Britain: Self-Rule, Trade, and Liberty2.8 Comparison in Period 20/02.8.1 Comparing European Empires: Goals, Labor, and Indigenous Relations2.8.2 Comparing British Colonial Regions: Economy, Labor, and Society2.8.3 Comparing Competition and Conflict in the Americas2.8.4 Comparing Atlantic Exchanges: Identity, Trade, and Resistance2.8.5 Writing Comparative Arguments with Evidence2. Period 2: 1607–17542.1 Contextualizing Period 20/02.1.1 European Colonization Goals and Migration Patterns2.1.2 Imperial Competition and the Struggle for Resources2.1.3 Regional Diversity in the British Colonies2.1.4 Atlantic Exchanges: Bonds with Britain and Emerging Resistance2.1.5 Atlantic Slavery’s Place in Early British America2.2 European Colonization0/02.2.1 Spanish Colonization: Wealth Extraction and Indigenous Subjugation2.2.2 French and Dutch Colonies: Trade Alliances and Fur Economies2.2.3 English Colonization: Migration, Land, and Agriculture2.3 The Regions of British Colonies0/02.3.1 Chesapeake and North Carolina: Tobacco and Labor Systems2.3.2 New England: Puritan Towns and a Mixed Economy2.3.3 Middle Colonies: Grain Exports and Cultural Diversity2.3.4 Southern Atlantic Coast & West Indies: Plantation Economies2.3.5 Colonial Self-Government: Town Meetings and Assemblies2.4 Transatlantic Trade0/02.4.1 The Atlantic Economy and Interconnected Trade Networks2.4.2 Trade’s Impact on Indigenous Peoples: Goods, Disease, and Change2.4.3 Mercantilism and British Imperial Control2.5 Interactions Between American Indians and Europeans0/02.5.1 Accommodation, Conflict, and Alliances2.5.2 British–Indigenous Conflict over Land: Metacom’s War2.5.3 Spanish Borderlands and Resistance: The Pueblo Revolt’s Legacy2.6 Slavery in the British Colonies0/02.6.1 Slavery’s Expansion and Regional Variation2.6.2 Chattel Slavery and the Construction of Racial Hierarchy2.6.3 Resistance and Cultural Survival under Slavery2.7 Colonial Society and Culture0/02.7.1 Pluralism and Intellectual Exchange in the Colonies2.7.2 The First Great Awakening and Cultural Change2.7.3 Enlightenment Ideas and a Transatlantic Print Culture2.7.4 Anglicization and Autonomous Colonial Communities2.7.5 Growing Tensions with Britain: Self-Rule, Trade, and Liberty2.8 Comparison in Period 20/02.8.1 Comparing European Empires: Goals, Labor, and Indigenous Relations2.8.2 Comparing British Colonial Regions: Economy, Labor, and Society2.8.3 Comparing Competition and Conflict in the Americas2.8.4 Comparing Atlantic Exchanges: Identity, Trade, and Resistance2.8.5 Writing Comparative Arguments with Evidence3. Period 3: 1754–18003.1 Contextualizing Period 30/03.1.1 Britain Tightens Control and Colonial Self-Government3.1.2 Competing Empires and Native Nations in North America3.1.3 The Seven Years’ War as a Turning Point3.1.4 Imperial Reforms and Colonial Resistance3.1.5 Revolutionary Ideals and Experiments in Government3.1.6 Migration, Boundaries, and International Challenges3.2 The Seven Years’ War (The French and Indian War)0/03.2.1 Colonial Expansion and Franco-British Rivalry3.2.2 British Victory, Territorial Gains, and War Debt3.2.3 Proclamation Line, Colonial Opposition, and Native Resistance3.3 Taxation Without Representation0/03.3.1 New Taxes, Imperial Authority, and Colonial Unity3.3.2 Ideological Arguments for Resistance3.3.3 Grassroots Activism and New Patriot Leadership3.3.4 Mobilizing Resources for the Patriot Cause3.4 Philosophical Foundations of the American Revolution0/03.4.1 Enlightenment Thought and Individual Rights3.4.2 Religion and the Language of Liberty3.4.3 Common Sense and the Declaration of Independence3.5 The American Revolution0/03.5.1 Loyalists and Britain’s Military Advantages3.5.2 Militias, the Continental Army, and War on the Ground3.5.3 George Washington’s Leadership3.5.4 Ideological Commitment, Resilience, and Home-Front Support3.5.5 European Allies and the Internationalization of the War3.6 The Influence of Revolutionary Ideals0/03.6.1 Challenging Inequality and Debating Slavery3.6.2 Women, Republican Motherhood, and Political Culture3.6.3 Global Impact of American Revolutionary Ideals3.7 The Articles of Confederation0/03.7.1 State Constitutions and Legislative Power3.7.2 A Weak National Government Under the Articles3.7.3 Economic Troubles, Unrest, and Calls for Change3.7.4 The Northwest Ordinance and Western Expansion3.8 The Constitutional Convention and Debates over Ratification0/03.8.1 Negotiation and Compromise at Philadelphia3.8.2 Slavery and Representation Compromises3.8.3 Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists3.8.4 Ratification and the Promise of a Bill of Rights3.9 The Constitution0/03.9.1 Creating a Limited but Dynamic Central Government3.9.2 Separation of Powers and Three Branches3.9.3 Continuity and Change from the Articles3.10 Shaping a New Republic0/03.10.1 Diplomacy, Settler Migration, and the Mississippi River3.10.2 The French Revolution, Neutrality, and Political Conflict3.10.3 Spanish Missions in California and Cultural Blending3.10.4 Federal–Indigenous Relations and Land Seizures3.10.5 Washington and Adams Set Precedents3.10.6 Birth of Political Parties in the 1790s3.10.7 Farewell Address and Warnings About Factions3.11 Developing an American Identity0/03.11.1 New National Culture After Independence3.11.2 Regional Variations and Competing Visions3.11.3 Art, Literature, and Architecture as Nation-Building3.12 Movement in the Early Republic0/03.12.1 Indigenous Alliances to Limit White Settlement3.12.2 Britain, Native Alliances, and Border Tensions3.12.3 Westward Migration and Frontier Cultures3.12.4 Expansion of Slavery in the Deep South and West3.12.5 Antislavery Sentiment and Regional Differences3.13 Continuity and Change in Period 30/03.13.1 From Imperial Control to Independence3.13.2 Revolutionary Ideals Reshape Government and Society3.13.3 New-Nation Challenges: Migration, Slavery, and Foreign Powers3. Period 3: 1754–18003.1 Contextualizing Period 30/03.1.1 Britain Tightens Control and Colonial Self-Government3.1.2 Competing Empires and Native Nations in North America3.1.3 The Seven Years’ War as a Turning Point3.1.4 Imperial Reforms and Colonial Resistance3.1.5 Revolutionary Ideals and Experiments in Government3.1.6 Migration, Boundaries, and International Challenges3.2 The Seven Years’ War (The French and Indian War)0/03.2.1 Colonial Expansion and Franco-British Rivalry3.2.2 British Victory, Territorial Gains, and War Debt3.2.3 Proclamation Line, Colonial Opposition, and Native Resistance3.3 Taxation Without Representation0/03.3.1 New Taxes, Imperial Authority, and Colonial Unity3.3.2 Ideological Arguments for Resistance3.3.3 Grassroots Activism and New Patriot Leadership3.3.4 Mobilizing Resources for the Patriot Cause3.4 Philosophical Foundations of the American Revolution0/03.4.1 Enlightenment Thought and Individual Rights3.4.2 Religion and the Language of Liberty3.4.3 Common Sense and the Declaration of Independence3.5 The American Revolution0/03.5.1 Loyalists and Britain’s Military Advantages3.5.2 Militias, the Continental Army, and War on the Ground3.5.3 George Washington’s Leadership3.5.4 Ideological Commitment, Resilience, and Home-Front Support3.5.5 European Allies and the Internationalization of the War3.6 The Influence of Revolutionary Ideals0/03.6.1 Challenging Inequality and Debating Slavery3.6.2 Women, Republican Motherhood, and Political Culture3.6.3 Global Impact of American Revolutionary Ideals3.7 The Articles of Confederation0/03.7.1 State Constitutions and Legislative Power3.7.2 A Weak National Government Under the Articles3.7.3 Economic Troubles, Unrest, and Calls for Change3.7.4 The Northwest Ordinance and Western Expansion3.8 The Constitutional Convention and Debates over Ratification0/03.8.1 Negotiation and Compromise at Philadelphia3.8.2 Slavery and Representation Compromises3.8.3 Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists3.8.4 Ratification and the Promise of a Bill of Rights3.9 The Constitution0/03.9.1 Creating a Limited but Dynamic Central Government3.9.2 Separation of Powers and Three Branches3.9.3 Continuity and Change from the Articles3.10 Shaping a New Republic0/03.10.1 Diplomacy, Settler Migration, and the Mississippi River3.10.2 The French Revolution, Neutrality, and Political Conflict3.10.3 Spanish Missions in California and Cultural Blending3.10.4 Federal–Indigenous Relations and Land Seizures3.10.5 Washington and Adams Set Precedents3.10.6 Birth of Political Parties in the 1790s3.10.7 Farewell Address and Warnings About Factions3.11 Developing an American Identity0/03.11.1 New National Culture After Independence3.11.2 Regional Variations and Competing Visions3.11.3 Art, Literature, and Architecture as Nation-Building3.12 Movement in the Early Republic0/03.12.1 Indigenous Alliances to Limit White Settlement3.12.2 Britain, Native Alliances, and Border Tensions3.12.3 Westward Migration and Frontier Cultures3.12.4 Expansion of Slavery in the Deep South and West3.12.5 Antislavery Sentiment and Regional Differences3.13 Continuity and Change in Period 30/03.13.1 From Imperial Control to Independence3.13.2 Revolutionary Ideals Reshape Government and Society3.13.3 New-Nation Challenges: Migration, Slavery, and Foreign Powers4. Period 4: 1800–18484.1 Contextualizing Period 40/04.1.1 Modern democracy and democratic ideals, 1800–18484.1.2 Expanding suffrage and the growth of political parties4.1.3 National culture and distinctive group cultures4.1.4 Religious and intellectual movements and reform impulses4.1.5 Market revolution transformations as background context4.1.6 Expansion, foreign trade, and sectional tensions over slavery4.2 The Rise of Political Parties and the Era of Jefferson0/04.2.1 Early party debates over the role of the federal government4.2.2 Judicial power and federal supremacy in constitutional interpretation4.2.3 Louisiana Purchase and U.S. influence in North America4.2.4 Foreign pressures and the Jefferson administration’s policy choices4.3 Politics and Regional Interests0/04.3.1 Sectional interests and debates over slavery and economic policy4.3.2 The American System and disputes over internal improvements4.3.3 Missouri Compromise and limits of political compromise4.4 America on the World Stage0/04.4.1 Building an independent global presence through trade and diplomacy4.4.2 Territorial ambitions across North America4.4.3 Monroe Doctrine and asserting influence in the Western Hemisphere4.4.4 Military actions, Indian removal, and the projection of power4.5 Market Revolution: Industrialization0/04.5.1 Entrepreneurs and the rise of organized production4.5.2 Industrial and agricultural innovations that increased productivity4.5.3 Transportation networks and government support for internal improvements4.5.4 Cotton production and integrated national and international commerce4.6 Market Revolution: Society and Culture0/04.6.1 Migration, urban growth, and new western communities4.6.2 Economic change and a new class structure4.6.3 Work and household production in a market economy4.6.4 Gender roles, family life, and the ideology of separate spheres4.7 Expanding Democracy0/04.7.1 Ending property requirements and expanding the electorate4.7.2 Mass politics and party growth4.7.3 Limits of expansion: who remained excluded4.8 Jackson and Federal Power0/04.8.1 Democrats vs. Whigs and competing visions of federal power4.8.2 Bank, tariffs, and internal improvements in Jacksonian politics4.8.3 Frontier expansion, Indigenous resistance, and federal relocation policy4.9 The Development of an American Culture0/04.9.1 Cultural nationalism and a shared American identity4.9.2 Romanticism, liberal ideas, and beliefs in human perfectibility4.9.3 Regional and group cultures within a national culture4.10 The Second Great Awakening0/04.10.1 Democratic and individualistic beliefs and reactions against rationalism4.10.2 Market revolution change and mobility as engines of revival4.10.3 Evangelical Protestant revivalism and new religious energy4.11 An Age of Reform0/04.11.1 Awakening-driven moral reform and utopian movements4.11.2 Voluntary organizations and the reform impulse4.11.3 Growth of abolitionism and antislavery activism in the North4.11.4 Northern emancipation and the growth of free Black communities4.11.5 Women’s rights and the Seneca Falls Convention4.11.6 Debates and divisions within reform movements4.12 African Americans in the Early Republic0/04.12.1 Southern resistance and the limits of antislavery action4.12.2 Enslaved community life and strategies of survival4.12.3 Free Black activism and political efforts to change status4.13 The Society of the South in the Early Republic0/04.13.1 Southern society, power, and proslavery arguments4.13.2 Staple-crop agriculture and Southern regional identity4.13.3 Soil exhaustion, westward plantation migration, and slavery’s growth4.14 Causation in Period 40/04.14.1 Politics and participatory democracy as drivers of American identity4.14.2 Economic change and the market revolution’s impact on identity4.14.3 Foreign policy and expansion in shaping national identity4.14.4 Culture and reform movements as sources of unity and conflict4.14.5 Sectionalism and slavery debates as causes of competing identities4. Period 4: 1800–18484.1 Contextualizing Period 40/04.1.1 Modern democracy and democratic ideals, 1800–18484.1.2 Expanding suffrage and the growth of political parties4.1.3 National culture and distinctive group cultures4.1.4 Religious and intellectual movements and reform impulses4.1.5 Market revolution transformations as background context4.1.6 Expansion, foreign trade, and sectional tensions over slavery4.2 The Rise of Political Parties and the Era of Jefferson0/04.2.1 Early party debates over the role of the federal government4.2.2 Judicial power and federal supremacy in constitutional interpretation4.2.3 Louisiana Purchase and U.S. influence in North America4.2.4 Foreign pressures and the Jefferson administration’s policy choices4.3 Politics and Regional Interests0/04.3.1 Sectional interests and debates over slavery and economic policy4.3.2 The American System and disputes over internal improvements4.3.3 Missouri Compromise and limits of political compromise4.4 America on the World Stage0/04.4.1 Building an independent global presence through trade and diplomacy4.4.2 Territorial ambitions across North America4.4.3 Monroe Doctrine and asserting influence in the Western Hemisphere4.4.4 Military actions, Indian removal, and the projection of power4.5 Market Revolution: Industrialization0/04.5.1 Entrepreneurs and the rise of organized production4.5.2 Industrial and agricultural innovations that increased productivity4.5.3 Transportation networks and government support for internal improvements4.5.4 Cotton production and integrated national and international commerce4.6 Market Revolution: Society and Culture0/04.6.1 Migration, urban growth, and new western communities4.6.2 Economic change and a new class structure4.6.3 Work and household production in a market economy4.6.4 Gender roles, family life, and the ideology of separate spheres4.7 Expanding Democracy0/04.7.1 Ending property requirements and expanding the electorate4.7.2 Mass politics and party growth4.7.3 Limits of expansion: who remained excluded4.8 Jackson and Federal Power0/04.8.1 Democrats vs. Whigs and competing visions of federal power4.8.2 Bank, tariffs, and internal improvements in Jacksonian politics4.8.3 Frontier expansion, Indigenous resistance, and federal relocation policy4.9 The Development of an American Culture0/04.9.1 Cultural nationalism and a shared American identity4.9.2 Romanticism, liberal ideas, and beliefs in human perfectibility4.9.3 Regional and group cultures within a national culture4.10 The Second Great Awakening0/04.10.1 Democratic and individualistic beliefs and reactions against rationalism4.10.2 Market revolution change and mobility as engines of revival4.10.3 Evangelical Protestant revivalism and new religious energy4.11 An Age of Reform0/04.11.1 Awakening-driven moral reform and utopian movements4.11.2 Voluntary organizations and the reform impulse4.11.3 Growth of abolitionism and antislavery activism in the North4.11.4 Northern emancipation and the growth of free Black communities4.11.5 Women’s rights and the Seneca Falls Convention4.11.6 Debates and divisions within reform movements4.12 African Americans in the Early Republic0/04.12.1 Southern resistance and the limits of antislavery action4.12.2 Enslaved community life and strategies of survival4.12.3 Free Black activism and political efforts to change status4.13 The Society of the South in the Early Republic0/04.13.1 Southern society, power, and proslavery arguments4.13.2 Staple-crop agriculture and Southern regional identity4.13.3 Soil exhaustion, westward plantation migration, and slavery’s growth4.14 Causation in Period 40/04.14.1 Politics and participatory democracy as drivers of American identity4.14.2 Economic change and the market revolution’s impact on identity4.14.3 Foreign policy and expansion in shaping national identity4.14.4 Culture and reform movements as sources of unity and conflict4.14.5 Sectionalism and slavery debates as causes of competing identities5. Period 5: 1844–18775.1 Contextualizing Period 50/05.1.1 The Road to Sectional Conflict, 1844–18775.1.2 Expansion, Foreign Policy, and a Changing World5.1.3 Why Americans Supported Expansion5.1.4 Rights and Citizenship Debates in the 1840s–1850s5.2 Manifest Destiny0/05.2.1 Motives for Moving West: Resources, Opportunity, and Refuge5.2.2 Manifest Destiny as an Ideology of Expansion5.2.3 Expansion and Conflict on the Frontier5.2.4 Railroads, Homesteads, and the Federal Boost to the West5.2.5 Looking Across the Pacific: U.S. Ties with Asia5.3 The Mexican–American War0/05.3.1 Territorial Expansion Through War and Diplomacy5.3.2 New Lands, New Questions: Slavery, Mexicans, and Indigenous Peoples5.3.3 Life in the Southwest After Annexation5.4 The Compromise of 18500/05.4.1 The Mexican Cession and the Expansion of the Slavery Debate5.4.2 The Compromise of 1850: A National Attempt to Settle Territorial Slavery5.4.3 Limits of Compromise: Why Sectional Tensions Continued5.5 Sectional Conflict: Regional Differences0/05.5.1 Immigration Patterns and Ethnic Communities5.5.2 Nativism and Anti-Catholic Politics5.5.3 Free Labor vs. Slave Labor: Economic Regional Differences5.5.4 Abolitionism: Moral Arguments, Resistance, and Violence5.5.5 Pro-Slavery Arguments and States’ Rights5.6 Failure of Compromise0/05.6.1 Kansas–Nebraska Act and the Collapse of Territorial Compromise5.6.2 Dred Scott and the Limits of Federal Solutions5.6.3 The End of the Second Party System5.6.4 Rise of Sectional Parties: The Republican Party5.7 Election of 1860 and Secession0/05.7.1 Lincoln’s 1860 Victory and the Free-Soil Platform5.7.2 Debates Over Secession in the Slave States5.7.3 Secession and the Start of the Civil War5.8 Military Conflict in the Civil War0/05.8.1 Mobilizing for War: Economies, Societies, and Opposition5.8.2 Early Confederate Initiative and Daring5.8.3 Why the Union Won: Strategy, Leadership, and Resources5.8.4 Total War and the Destruction of the South5.9 Government Policies during the Civil War0/05.9.1 Preserving the Union: Lincoln’s Early War Aims5.9.2 Emancipation Proclamation and International Diplomacy5.9.3 Self-Emancipation and African American Military Service5.9.4 Gettysburg Address and Democratic Ideals5.10 Reconstruction0/05.10.1 Reconstruction and the Power of the Federal Government5.10.2 The Reconstruction Amendments (13th–15th)5.10.3 Citizenship Debates Beyond Black Freedom5.10.4 Women’s Rights and the 14th and 15th Amendments5.10.5 Radical and Moderate Republicans: Reordering the South5.10.6 Why Reconstruction Ultimately Failed5.11 Failure of Reconstruction0/05.11.1 Land and Labor After Emancipation5.11.2 Sharecropping and Economic Dependency in the South5.11.3 Segregation, Violence, and Political Rollback5.11.4 Long-Term Legacy of the 14th and 15th Amendments5.12 Comparison in Period 50/05.12.1 Comparing Expansion and Migration in Period 55.12.2 Comparing Causes of the Civil War: Expansion and Sectional Division5.12.3 Comparing How the War Changed Federal Power and Citizenship5.12.4 Comparing the Civil War’s Effects on American Values5. Period 5: 1844–18775.1 Contextualizing Period 50/05.1.1 The Road to Sectional Conflict, 1844–18775.1.2 Expansion, Foreign Policy, and a Changing World5.1.3 Why Americans Supported Expansion5.1.4 Rights and Citizenship Debates in the 1840s–1850s5.2 Manifest Destiny0/05.2.1 Motives for Moving West: Resources, Opportunity, and Refuge5.2.2 Manifest Destiny as an Ideology of Expansion5.2.3 Expansion and Conflict on the Frontier5.2.4 Railroads, Homesteads, and the Federal Boost to the West5.2.5 Looking Across the Pacific: U.S. Ties with Asia5.3 The Mexican–American War0/05.3.1 Territorial Expansion Through War and Diplomacy5.3.2 New Lands, New Questions: Slavery, Mexicans, and Indigenous Peoples5.3.3 Life in the Southwest After Annexation5.4 The Compromise of 18500/05.4.1 The Mexican Cession and the Expansion of the Slavery Debate5.4.2 The Compromise of 1850: A National Attempt to Settle Territorial Slavery5.4.3 Limits of Compromise: Why Sectional Tensions Continued5.5 Sectional Conflict: Regional Differences0/05.5.1 Immigration Patterns and Ethnic Communities5.5.2 Nativism and Anti-Catholic Politics5.5.3 Free Labor vs. Slave Labor: Economic Regional Differences5.5.4 Abolitionism: Moral Arguments, Resistance, and Violence5.5.5 Pro-Slavery Arguments and States’ Rights5.6 Failure of Compromise0/05.6.1 Kansas–Nebraska Act and the Collapse of Territorial Compromise5.6.2 Dred Scott and the Limits of Federal Solutions5.6.3 The End of the Second Party System5.6.4 Rise of Sectional Parties: The Republican Party5.7 Election of 1860 and Secession0/05.7.1 Lincoln’s 1860 Victory and the Free-Soil Platform5.7.2 Debates Over Secession in the Slave States5.7.3 Secession and the Start of the Civil War5.8 Military Conflict in the Civil War0/05.8.1 Mobilizing for War: Economies, Societies, and Opposition5.8.2 Early Confederate Initiative and Daring5.8.3 Why the Union Won: Strategy, Leadership, and Resources5.8.4 Total War and the Destruction of the South5.9 Government Policies during the Civil War0/05.9.1 Preserving the Union: Lincoln’s Early War Aims5.9.2 Emancipation Proclamation and International Diplomacy5.9.3 Self-Emancipation and African American Military Service5.9.4 Gettysburg Address and Democratic Ideals5.10 Reconstruction0/05.10.1 Reconstruction and the Power of the Federal Government5.10.2 The Reconstruction Amendments (13th–15th)5.10.3 Citizenship Debates Beyond Black Freedom5.10.4 Women’s Rights and the 14th and 15th Amendments5.10.5 Radical and Moderate Republicans: Reordering the South5.10.6 Why Reconstruction Ultimately Failed5.11 Failure of Reconstruction0/05.11.1 Land and Labor After Emancipation5.11.2 Sharecropping and Economic Dependency in the South5.11.3 Segregation, Violence, and Political Rollback5.11.4 Long-Term Legacy of the 14th and 15th Amendments5.12 Comparison in Period 50/05.12.1 Comparing Expansion and Migration in Period 55.12.2 Comparing Causes of the Civil War: Expansion and Sectional Division5.12.3 Comparing How the War Changed Federal Power and Citizenship5.12.4 Comparing the Civil War’s Effects on American Values6. Period 6: 1865–18986.1 Contextualizing Period 60/06.1.1 Industrial capitalism after the Civil War: big-picture causes6.1.2 Why industry grew fast: technology, networks, and pro-growth policy6.1.3 Debating capitalism: labor, panics, and competing perspectives6.1.4 Farming in a national market: new production, transport, and farmer responses6.2 Westward Expansion: Economic Development0/06.2.1 Mechanization transforms farming and lowers food prices6.2.2 Farmers organize: cooperatives and alliances against market consolidation6.2.3 Federal subsidies open new markets in transportation and communication6.3 Westward Expansion Social and Cultural Development0/06.2.4 Railroads, minerals, and federal policy fuel Western economic growth6.3.2 Competition and conflict in the West: land, resources, and the bison6.3.3 Federal Indian policy: treaty violations, military force, and reservations6.3.4 Indigenous resilience and adaptation under assimilation pressures6.4 The "New South"0/06.4.1 The ‘New South’ vision vs. economic reality: limited industrialization6.4.2 Jim Crow and Plessy v. Ferguson: rolling back Reconstruction-era gains6.4.3 Black activism amid violence, discrimination, and racist theories6.5 Technological Innovation0/06.5.1 New inventions and resources boost industrial output6.5.2 Linking innovation to wider change: markets, labor, and everyday life6.6 The Rise of Industrial Capitalism0/06.6.1 Why industrial capitalism expanded: technology, policy, and new markets6.6.2 Managing big business: finance, marketing, and a growing workforce6.6.3 Trusts and wealth: consolidation into holding companies6.6.4 Looking abroad: U.S. business influence in the Pacific, Asia, and Latin America6.7 Labor in the Gilded Age0/06.7.1 Living standards and inequality: falling prices, rising real wages6.7.2 Unions and strikes: conflict between labor and management6.7.3 Industrial workforce and child labor: expansion and its costs6.8 Immigration and Migration in the Gilded Age0/06.8.1 A larger, more diverse workforce through internal and international migration6.8.2 Urban pull factors: factories, jobs, and escaping hardship6.8.3 Ethnic neighborhoods and new urban cultures6.9 Responses to Immigration in the Gilded Age0/06.9.1 Assimilation and Americanization debates6.9.2 Social Darwinism and attitudes toward inequality and newcomers6.9.3 Settlement houses and aid: Jane Addams and immigrant adjustment6.10 Development of the Middle Class0/06.10.1 White-collar work and education create a new middle class6.10.2 Leisure and consumer culture in an industrial economy6.10.3 Philanthropy and the Gospel of Wealth6.11 Reform in the Gilded Age0/06.11.1 Alternative reform ideas: agrarian, utopian, socialist, and Social Gospel critiques6.11.2 Women’s activism and voluntary reform movements6.12 Controversies over the Role of Government in the Gilded Age0/06.12.1 Laissez-faire vs. intervention during economic downturns6.12.2 Foreign policy and overseas markets: expanding U.S. influence6.13 Politics in the Gilded Age0/06.13.1 Populism and economic instability: the People’s Party6.13.2 Parties, issues, and corruption: tariffs, currency, and reform critiques6.13.3 Political machines in urban America6.14 Continuity and Change in Period 60/06.14.1 Measuring change: industrial capitalism and business consolidation, 1865–18986.14.2 Measuring change: labor, panics, and competing economic perspectives6.14.3 Measuring change: agriculture in a national market and farmer responses6.14.4 Measuring change: migration, culture, and political debates of the Gilded Age6. Period 6: 1865–18986.1 Contextualizing Period 60/06.1.1 Industrial capitalism after the Civil War: big-picture causes6.1.2 Why industry grew fast: technology, networks, and pro-growth policy6.1.3 Debating capitalism: labor, panics, and competing perspectives6.1.4 Farming in a national market: new production, transport, and farmer responses6.2 Westward Expansion: Economic Development0/06.2.1 Mechanization transforms farming and lowers food prices6.2.2 Farmers organize: cooperatives and alliances against market consolidation6.2.3 Federal subsidies open new markets in transportation and communication6.3 Westward Expansion Social and Cultural Development0/06.2.4 Railroads, minerals, and federal policy fuel Western economic growth6.3.2 Competition and conflict in the West: land, resources, and the bison6.3.3 Federal Indian policy: treaty violations, military force, and reservations6.3.4 Indigenous resilience and adaptation under assimilation pressures6.4 The "New South"0/06.4.1 The ‘New South’ vision vs. economic reality: limited industrialization6.4.2 Jim Crow and Plessy v. Ferguson: rolling back Reconstruction-era gains6.4.3 Black activism amid violence, discrimination, and racist theories6.5 Technological Innovation0/06.5.1 New inventions and resources boost industrial output6.5.2 Linking innovation to wider change: markets, labor, and everyday life6.6 The Rise of Industrial Capitalism0/06.6.1 Why industrial capitalism expanded: technology, policy, and new markets6.6.2 Managing big business: finance, marketing, and a growing workforce6.6.3 Trusts and wealth: consolidation into holding companies6.6.4 Looking abroad: U.S. business influence in the Pacific, Asia, and Latin America6.7 Labor in the Gilded Age0/06.7.1 Living standards and inequality: falling prices, rising real wages6.7.2 Unions and strikes: conflict between labor and management6.7.3 Industrial workforce and child labor: expansion and its costs6.8 Immigration and Migration in the Gilded Age0/06.8.1 A larger, more diverse workforce through internal and international migration6.8.2 Urban pull factors: factories, jobs, and escaping hardship6.8.3 Ethnic neighborhoods and new urban cultures6.9 Responses to Immigration in the Gilded Age0/06.9.1 Assimilation and Americanization debates6.9.2 Social Darwinism and attitudes toward inequality and newcomers6.9.3 Settlement houses and aid: Jane Addams and immigrant adjustment6.10 Development of the Middle Class0/06.10.1 White-collar work and education create a new middle class6.10.2 Leisure and consumer culture in an industrial economy6.10.3 Philanthropy and the Gospel of Wealth6.11 Reform in the Gilded Age0/06.11.1 Alternative reform ideas: agrarian, utopian, socialist, and Social Gospel critiques6.11.2 Women’s activism and voluntary reform movements6.12 Controversies over the Role of Government in the Gilded Age0/06.12.1 Laissez-faire vs. intervention during economic downturns6.12.2 Foreign policy and overseas markets: expanding U.S. influence6.13 Politics in the Gilded Age0/06.13.1 Populism and economic instability: the People’s Party6.13.2 Parties, issues, and corruption: tariffs, currency, and reform critiques6.13.3 Political machines in urban America6.14 Continuity and Change in Period 60/06.14.1 Measuring change: industrial capitalism and business consolidation, 1865–18986.14.2 Measuring change: labor, panics, and competing economic perspectives6.14.3 Measuring change: agriculture in a national market and farmer responses6.14.4 Measuring change: migration, culture, and political debates of the Gilded Age7. Period 7: 1890–19457.1 Contextualizing Period 70/07.1.1 Growth, instability, and reform (1890–1945)7.1.2 From rural farms to urban industry7.1.3 Progressivism and the demand for government action7.1.4 Depression-era change and modern liberalism7.1.5 Mass culture, migration, and America’s role in the world7.2 Imperialism: Debates0/07.2.1 Why imperialists supported overseas expansion7.2.2 Why anti-imperialists opposed overseas empire7.3 The Spanish-American War0/07.3.1 War, empire, and new U.S. territories7.3.2 The Philippines and debates over nationalism7.4 The Progressives0/07.4.1 Muckrakers and early Progressive goals7.4.2 Progressive divisions and limits7.4.3 National reforms and constitutional change7.4.4 Conservation vs. preservation of natural resources7.5 World War I: Military and Diplomacy0/07.5.1 From neutrality to intervention in World War I7.5.2 The American Expeditionary Forces and Allied victory7.5.3 Versailles, the League of Nations, and the Senate7.6 World War I: Home Front0/07.6.1 Civil liberties, radicalism, and the Red Scare7.6.2 Nativism and immigration quotas7.6.3 Internal migration and urban opportunity7.6.4 The Great Migration and continued discrimination7.7 1920s: Innovations in Communication and Technology0/07.7.1 Mass production, consumer goods, and Fordism7.7.2 Radio, cinema, and a shared national culture7.8 1920s: Cultural and Political Controversies0/07.8.1 Urban America and new opportunities7.8.2 Restrictionism and the quota system7.8.3 Harlem Renaissance and cultural expression7.8.4 Culture wars: modernism, religion, race, and gender7.9 The Great Depression0/07.9.1 Structural weaknesses and the crash7.9.2 Market instability and calls for regulation7.9.3 Unemployment, upheaval, and the move toward a welfare state7.10 The New Deal0/07.10.1 Relief, recovery, and reform7.10.2 Pressure from radicals, unions, and populists7.10.3 Conservative resistance and limits on the New Deal7.10.4 Lasting legacy and political realignment7.11 Interwar Foreign Policy0/07.11.1 Unilateralism with selective international engagement7.11.2 Neutrality in the 1930s and the road to Pearl Harbor7.12 World War II: Mobilization0/07.12.1 Mobilization ends the Depression and powers victory7.12.2 Opportunities and segregation debates7.12.3 Civil liberties and migration during World War II7.13 World War II: Military0/07.13.1 War aims and the fight against fascism7.13.2 Service, society, and racial tensions7.13.3 Allied strategy, technology, and the atomic bomb7.14 Postwar Diplomacy0/07.14.1 A war-ravaged world and U.S. superpower status7.14.2 Peace settlements and the shape of the postwar order7.15 Comparison in Period 70/07.15.1 How to compare major Period 7 developments7.15.2 Comparing reform: Progressivism vs. the New Deal7.15.3 Comparing culture and migration in the early 20th century7.15.4 Comparing America’s global role: 1890–19457. Period 7: 1890–19457.1 Contextualizing Period 70/07.1.1 Growth, instability, and reform (1890–1945)7.1.2 From rural farms to urban industry7.1.3 Progressivism and the demand for government action7.1.4 Depression-era change and modern liberalism7.1.5 Mass culture, migration, and America’s role in the world7.2 Imperialism: Debates0/07.2.1 Why imperialists supported overseas expansion7.2.2 Why anti-imperialists opposed overseas empire7.3 The Spanish-American War0/07.3.1 War, empire, and new U.S. territories7.3.2 The Philippines and debates over nationalism7.4 The Progressives0/07.4.1 Muckrakers and early Progressive goals7.4.2 Progressive divisions and limits7.4.3 National reforms and constitutional change7.4.4 Conservation vs. preservation of natural resources7.5 World War I: Military and Diplomacy0/07.5.1 From neutrality to intervention in World War I7.5.2 The American Expeditionary Forces and Allied victory7.5.3 Versailles, the League of Nations, and the Senate7.6 World War I: Home Front0/07.6.1 Civil liberties, radicalism, and the Red Scare7.6.2 Nativism and immigration quotas7.6.3 Internal migration and urban opportunity7.6.4 The Great Migration and continued discrimination7.7 1920s: Innovations in Communication and Technology0/07.7.1 Mass production, consumer goods, and Fordism7.7.2 Radio, cinema, and a shared national culture7.8 1920s: Cultural and Political Controversies0/07.8.1 Urban America and new opportunities7.8.2 Restrictionism and the quota system7.8.3 Harlem Renaissance and cultural expression7.8.4 Culture wars: modernism, religion, race, and gender7.9 The Great Depression0/07.9.1 Structural weaknesses and the crash7.9.2 Market instability and calls for regulation7.9.3 Unemployment, upheaval, and the move toward a welfare state7.10 The New Deal0/07.10.1 Relief, recovery, and reform7.10.2 Pressure from radicals, unions, and populists7.10.3 Conservative resistance and limits on the New Deal7.10.4 Lasting legacy and political realignment7.11 Interwar Foreign Policy0/07.11.1 Unilateralism with selective international engagement7.11.2 Neutrality in the 1930s and the road to Pearl Harbor7.12 World War II: Mobilization0/07.12.1 Mobilization ends the Depression and powers victory7.12.2 Opportunities and segregation debates7.12.3 Civil liberties and migration during World War II7.13 World War II: Military0/07.13.1 War aims and the fight against fascism7.13.2 Service, society, and racial tensions7.13.3 Allied strategy, technology, and the atomic bomb7.14 Postwar Diplomacy0/07.14.1 A war-ravaged world and U.S. superpower status7.14.2 Peace settlements and the shape of the postwar order7.15 Comparison in Period 70/07.15.1 How to compare major Period 7 developments7.15.2 Comparing reform: Progressivism vs. the New Deal7.15.3 Comparing culture and migration in the early 20th century7.15.4 Comparing America’s global role: 1890–19458. Period 8: 1945–19808.1 Contextualizing Period 80/08.1.1 The Postwar World and U.S. Global Leadership8.1.2 Cold War Origins and the U.S.–Soviet Rivalry8.1.3 Cold War Debates at Home8.2 The Cold War from 1945 to 19800/08.2.1 Building Containment: Alliances, Aid, and Institutions8.2.2 Containment in Asia: Korea and the Limits of U.S. Power8.2.3 From Confrontation to Détente8.2.4 Nuclear Strategy and Crisis Management8.3 The Red Scare0/08.3.1 Origins of the Second Red Scare8.3.2 Investigations and the Growth of Anti‑Communism8.3.3 McCarthyism and Civil Liberties8.4 Economy after 19450/08.4.1 Why the Postwar Economy Boomed8.4.2 Suburbanization and the Middle-Class Expansion8.4.3 The Rise of the Sun Belt8.4.4 Prosperity and Persistent Inequality8.5 Culture after 19450/08.5.1 Consumer Culture and Mass Media8.5.2 Suburbs, Family Ideals, and Gender Expectations8.5.3 Cultural Critiques and Early Countercurrents8.5.4 Religion, Identity, and Moral Debate8.6 Early Steps in the Civil Rights Movement (1940s and 1950s)0/08.6.1 World War II and the Push for Equality8.6.2 Legal Victories and Brown v. Board8.6.3 Nonviolent Mass Protest in the 1950s8.6.4 Federal Power and Southern Resistance8.7 America as a World Power0/08.7.1 Cold War Competition and Presidential Power8.7.2 Covert Action and Intervention Abroad8.7.3 Arms Race, Technology, and the Space Race8.7.4 Global Conflict, Alliances, and Unintended Consequences8.8 The Vietnam War0/08.8.1 Decolonization and the Road to War8.8.2 Escalation and Containment in Vietnam8.8.3 Debates over War and Executive Authority8.8.4 The Home Front: Protest, Media, and Legacy8.9 The Great Society0/08.9.1 The High Point of Postwar Liberalism8.9.2 The War on Poverty and Social Policy8.9.3 Great Society Programs and Civil Rights Goals8.9.4 Immigration Reform and Demographic Change8.10 The African American Civil Rights Movement (1960s)0/08.10.1 Direct Action and Nonviolent Protest8.10.2 Federal Legislation and Landmark Victories8.10.3 Voting Rights and Political Power8.10.4 Resistance, Backlash, and Urban Unrest8.10.5 Black Power and Movement Debates after 19658.11 The Civil Rights Movement Expands0/08.11.1 Latino Civil Rights and Chicano Activism8.11.2 American Indian Activism and Sovereignty8.11.3 Asian American Movements and Community Power8.11.4 Second-Wave Feminism and Gender Equality8.11.5 LGBTQ+ Activism and Claims to Rights8.11.6 Changing Sexual Norms and the Counterculture8.12 Youth Culture of the 1960s0/08.12.1 The New Left and Student Activism8.12.2 Counterculture, Music, and Lifestyle Politics8.12.3 Antiwar Protest and Vietnam on Campus8.12.4 Backlash and the Politics of “Law and Order”8.13 The Environment and Natural Resources from 1968 to 19800/08.13.1 Environmental Crisis and the Rise of a Movement8.13.2 Federal Environmental Regulation8.13.3 Oil Shocks, the Middle East, and Energy Policy8.14 Society in Transition0/08.14.1 The Conservative Turn in the 1960s8.14.2 1970s Crisis of Confidence8.14.3 Culture Wars and Rights Revolutions8.14.4 The Rise of the Religious Right8.15 Continuity and Change in Period 80/08.15.1 Cold War Continuities and Shifts in Strategy8.15.2 Civil Rights: Slow Gains to Expanding Movements8.15.3 Economic and Demographic Transformation8.15.4 Political Realignment and Debates over Government8. Period 8: 1945–19808.1 Contextualizing Period 80/08.1.1 The Postwar World and U.S. Global Leadership8.1.2 Cold War Origins and the U.S.–Soviet Rivalry8.1.3 Cold War Debates at Home8.2 The Cold War from 1945 to 19800/08.2.1 Building Containment: Alliances, Aid, and Institutions8.2.2 Containment in Asia: Korea and the Limits of U.S. Power8.2.3 From Confrontation to Détente8.2.4 Nuclear Strategy and Crisis Management8.3 The Red Scare0/08.3.1 Origins of the Second Red Scare8.3.2 Investigations and the Growth of Anti‑Communism8.3.3 McCarthyism and Civil Liberties8.4 Economy after 19450/08.4.1 Why the Postwar Economy Boomed8.4.2 Suburbanization and the Middle-Class Expansion8.4.3 The Rise of the Sun Belt8.4.4 Prosperity and Persistent Inequality8.5 Culture after 19450/08.5.1 Consumer Culture and Mass Media8.5.2 Suburbs, Family Ideals, and Gender Expectations8.5.3 Cultural Critiques and Early Countercurrents8.5.4 Religion, Identity, and Moral Debate8.6 Early Steps in the Civil Rights Movement (1940s and 1950s)0/08.6.1 World War II and the Push for Equality8.6.2 Legal Victories and Brown v. Board8.6.3 Nonviolent Mass Protest in the 1950s8.6.4 Federal Power and Southern Resistance8.7 America as a World Power0/08.7.1 Cold War Competition and Presidential Power8.7.2 Covert Action and Intervention Abroad8.7.3 Arms Race, Technology, and the Space Race8.7.4 Global Conflict, Alliances, and Unintended Consequences8.8 The Vietnam War0/08.8.1 Decolonization and the Road to War8.8.2 Escalation and Containment in Vietnam8.8.3 Debates over War and Executive Authority8.8.4 The Home Front: Protest, Media, and Legacy8.9 The Great Society0/08.9.1 The High Point of Postwar Liberalism8.9.2 The War on Poverty and Social Policy8.9.3 Great Society Programs and Civil Rights Goals8.9.4 Immigration Reform and Demographic Change8.10 The African American Civil Rights Movement (1960s)0/08.10.1 Direct Action and Nonviolent Protest8.10.2 Federal Legislation and Landmark Victories8.10.3 Voting Rights and Political Power8.10.4 Resistance, Backlash, and Urban Unrest8.10.5 Black Power and Movement Debates after 19658.11 The Civil Rights Movement Expands0/08.11.1 Latino Civil Rights and Chicano Activism8.11.2 American Indian Activism and Sovereignty8.11.3 Asian American Movements and Community Power8.11.4 Second-Wave Feminism and Gender Equality8.11.5 LGBTQ+ Activism and Claims to Rights8.11.6 Changing Sexual Norms and the Counterculture8.12 Youth Culture of the 1960s0/08.12.1 The New Left and Student Activism8.12.2 Counterculture, Music, and Lifestyle Politics8.12.3 Antiwar Protest and Vietnam on Campus8.12.4 Backlash and the Politics of “Law and Order”8.13 The Environment and Natural Resources from 1968 to 19800/08.13.1 Environmental Crisis and the Rise of a Movement8.13.2 Federal Environmental Regulation8.13.3 Oil Shocks, the Middle East, and Energy Policy8.14 Society in Transition0/08.14.1 The Conservative Turn in the 1960s8.14.2 1970s Crisis of Confidence8.14.3 Culture Wars and Rights Revolutions8.14.4 The Rise of the Religious Right8.15 Continuity and Change in Period 80/08.15.1 Cold War Continuities and Shifts in Strategy8.15.2 Civil Rights: Slow Gains to Expanding Movements8.15.3 Economic and Demographic Transformation8.15.4 Political Realignment and Debates over Government9. Period 9: 1980–Present9.1 Contextualizing Period 90/09.1.1 The Rise of Conservatism After 19809.1.2 Conservative Social Values and Limited Government9.1.3 The U.S. Enters a High-Tech, Global Economy9.1.4 Demographic Shifts and Their Consequences9.1.5 Redefining U.S. Global Leadership at the Cold War’s End9.1.6 From the 9/11 Attacks to a Global War on Terror9.2 Reagan and Conservatism0/09.2.1 Reagan’s 1980 Victory and the Conservative Turn9.2.2 Supply-Side Economics: Tax Cuts and Deregulation in Practice9.2.3 Debates Over Liberal Programs and the Size of Government9.2.4 Policy Battles: Free Trade, Safety Nets, and Financial Reform9.2.5 Culture Wars: Immigration, Diversity, Gender, and Family9.3 The End of the Cold War0/09.3.1 Reagan’s Anti-Communist Strategy9.3.2 Why the Cold War Ended9.3.3 A Post–Cold War World: Interventions and Debates Over Power9.4 A Changing Economy0/09.4.1 Digital Communication and Global Economic Opportunities9.4.2 Computing, Mobile Tech, and the Internet Transform Society9.4.3 Deindustrialization, the Service Economy, and Declining Unions9.4.4 Wage Stagnation and Rising Inequality9.5 Migration and Immigration in the 1990s and 2000s0/09.5.1 Population Shifts to the South and West9.5.2 Growing Immigration from Latin America and Asia9.5.3 Immigration’s Cultural and Economic Effects9.6 Challenges of the 21st Century0/09.6.1 9/11 and U.S. Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq9.6.2 Security vs. Civil Liberties in the War on Terror9.6.3 Energy, Climate Change, and the Environment9.6.4 U.S. Power in the 21st Century9.7 Causation in Period 90/09.7.1 Building an Argument About Change After 19809.7.2 Conservatism and National Identity9.7.3 Technology, Work, and Identity in the Information Age9.7.4 Demographic Change, Diversity, and Political Culture9.7.5 U.S. Global Role from the Cold War’s End to the War on Terror9. Period 9: 1980–Present9.1 Contextualizing Period 90/09.1.1 The Rise of Conservatism After 19809.1.2 Conservative Social Values and Limited Government9.1.3 The U.S. Enters a High-Tech, Global Economy9.1.4 Demographic Shifts and Their Consequences9.1.5 Redefining U.S. Global Leadership at the Cold War’s End9.1.6 From the 9/11 Attacks to a Global War on Terror9.2 Reagan and Conservatism0/09.2.1 Reagan’s 1980 Victory and the Conservative Turn9.2.2 Supply-Side Economics: Tax Cuts and Deregulation in Practice9.2.3 Debates Over Liberal Programs and the Size of Government9.2.4 Policy Battles: Free Trade, Safety Nets, and Financial Reform9.2.5 Culture Wars: Immigration, Diversity, Gender, and Family9.3 The End of the Cold War0/09.3.1 Reagan’s Anti-Communist Strategy9.3.2 Why the Cold War Ended9.3.3 A Post–Cold War World: Interventions and Debates Over Power9.4 A Changing Economy0/09.4.1 Digital Communication and Global Economic Opportunities9.4.2 Computing, Mobile Tech, and the Internet Transform Society9.4.3 Deindustrialization, the Service Economy, and Declining Unions9.4.4 Wage Stagnation and Rising Inequality9.5 Migration and Immigration in the 1990s and 2000s0/09.5.1 Population Shifts to the South and West9.5.2 Growing Immigration from Latin America and Asia9.5.3 Immigration’s Cultural and Economic Effects9.6 Challenges of the 21st Century0/09.6.1 9/11 and U.S. Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq9.6.2 Security vs. Civil Liberties in the War on Terror9.6.3 Energy, Climate Change, and the Environment9.6.4 U.S. Power in the 21st Century9.7 Causation in Period 90/09.7.1 Building an Argument About Change After 19809.7.2 Conservatism and National Identity9.7.3 Technology, Work, and Identity in the Information Age9.7.4 Demographic Change, Diversity, and Political Culture9.7.5 U.S. Global Role from the Cold War’s End to the War on Terror
